already ceded their claims without making any reservations.

Treaties were subsequently made with the Indians who were in reality the rightful owners of the soil, whereby their title was extinguished.

The first permanent English settlement in Ohio, was made April 7th, 1788, at Marietta; and the first judicial court was held there in September of the same year under an act of Congress passed in 1786. The next settlement was that of Symmes' purchase, six miles below Cincinnati, in 1789. The next was made by French emigrants, at Gallipolis, in 1791. The next was made on Lake Erie, at Cleveland and Conneaut, in 1796, by emigrants from New England. In 1799 the first territorial legislature met at Cincinnati, and organized the government.

Questions-What claim was made, in the early history of the country, by European powers? What grant was made by the English monarch in 1609 ? What grant was made in 1662? What is said of the treaty of 1783 ? Of the colonial charters? What claim was made by certain States after the Revolution? By others? What was done by Virginia in March, 1784? By Connecticut in September, 1786? In May, 1801? What had New York and Massachusetts done previous to this, in regard to the territory claimed by them? What is said of treaties made after 1801? When and where was the first permanent settlement in Ohio made? The first court held? Subsequent settlements? What occurred in 1799?

CHAPTER V.

THE ORDINANCE OF 1787.

In 1787, Congress adopted the celebrated ordinance for the government of the Northwestern Territory. This ordinance provided for the descent of property and for the disposition thereof by deed or will; saving, however, to the French and Canadian inhabitants, and other settlers of the Kaskaskies, St. Vincents and the neighboring villages who had professed themselves citizens of Virginia, their laws and customs then in force among them relative to the descent and conveyance of property.

It provided for the appointment of a governor and secretary, by Congress, and for the establishment of a court, to consist of three judges with common law jurisdiction.

The ordinance provided that the governor and judges, or a majority of them should adopt and publish in the district such laws in the original States as should be necessary and best suited to the circumstances of the district, and to report them to Congress from time to time. These laws were to continue in force until the organization of the General' Assembly, unless disapproved of by Congress.

The governor was made, by virtue of his office, commander-in-chief of the militia. He was required to appoint magistrates and other civil officers, and to subdivide the district in which the Indian titles had been extinguished, into counties and townships.

It fixed the basis of representation and prescribed the qualifications of electors.

It provided for the organization of the General Assembly so soon as there should be five thousand free male inhabitants, of full age, in the district, and for the election of a delegate to Congress.

The ordinance contained six articles of compact embodying the genuine principles of freedom and the true theory of American liberty. In short, they were designed, as the ordinance declares, "to extend the fundamental principles of civil and religious liberty which forms the basis whereon these republics, their laws and constitutions are erected; to fix and establish those principles as the basis of all laws, constitutions and governments which forever, hereafter, shall be formed in said territory; to provide also for the establishment of States and permanent governments therein, and for their admission to a share in the federal councils on an equal footing with the original States, at as early periods as may be consistent with the general interest."

The first article provided that no person demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly manner should ever be molested on account of his mode of worship or religious sentiments.

The second guaranteed to all the inhabitants the benefits of the writ of habeas corpus, and of trial by jury; of judicial proceedings according to the course of the common law, and of a representative government. It also prohibited legislative interference with private contracts. No person was to be deprived of his liberty or property but by the judgment of his peers or the law of the land,

and no private property or services should be taken or demanded for public use without full compensation.

The third required the government to encourage schools, and to observe the utmost good faith toward the Indians. It recognized religion, morality, and knowledge as being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind.

The fourth and fifth articles related to the formation of new States within the Territory, and their admission into the Union. The navigable tributaries of the Mississipi and the St. Lawrence, with the portages between the same, were established as common highways, and forever free to all the citizens of the United States.

The sixth and last article declared that there should be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude within the Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.

In referring to this ordinance, the late Chief Justice Chase said: "This remarkable instrument was the last gift of the Congress of the old Confederation to the country; and it was a fit consummation of their glorious labors."

Questions-In what year did Congress adopt the ordinance for the government of the Northwestern Territory? What did the ordinance provide with reference to property? Governor and court? With reference to laws? Mention some of the duties required of the governor? What of representation and of electors? Of the General Assembly and representation in Congress? How many articles of compact did the ordinance contain? What did they embody? For what purposes were they designed? What does the first article of the compact provide? The second? The third? The fourth? The fifth? The sixth? What did the late Chief Justice Chase say of this ordinance?

CHAPTER VI.

MISSIONARY WORK IN OHIO-PIONEER CHURCHES.

At a very early day the French Jesuits established missions in the territory northwest of the Ohio, an account of which is given in a preceeding chapter.

In 1761, Frederick Post, a Moravian Missionary, established a mission in what is now Bethlehem Township, Stark County, on the north side of the Muskingum at the junction of the Sandy and Tuscarawas.

In 1771-2 the Moravian Missionaries established missions at Shoenbrun, Gnadenhutten and Salem, on the Tuscarawas river, within the limits of the present county of Tuscarawas.

About ten years after the establishment of these missions, several depradations were committed by hostile Indians on the inhabitants of Western Pennsylvania and Virginia. A company of militia was raised for the purpose of retaliating, and under the command of Col. Williamson, marched against the Moravian Indians on the Tuscarawas, who had been guilty of no wrong, and massacred over ninety of their number.

Feeling the influence of public sympathy in behalf of those persecuted people, and recognizing the power of their teachings as an agent of civilization, Congress, in 1788 donated 12,000 acres of land to the Moravian Society, embracing the three villages already mentioned, for propagating the gospel among the heathen.