QUESTIONS.

Who succeeded John Adams in the Presidency? Who was Vice President with him in his first term? What early settlements were made in Ohio? From what directions did settlers come? What was Pinckney's treaty and what did it secure? Narrate the circumstances attending the purchase of Louisiana. To what did the name of Louisiana apply? What measures were taken to become acquainted with the new territory? Who was Aaron Burr, and what was his adventure in the Southwest ?

SEARCH QUESTIONS.

What town in Ohio was early settled by Rufus Putnam and other soldiers? How did Cleveland get its name? What was the origin of the name Cincinnati? What was the "Firelands"? How did the Columbia River get its name? Who was Blennerhasset, and what had he to do with Burr's schemes? What States and territories have been made out of the Louisiana territory?

SUGGESTIONS FOR LITERARY TREATMENT.

COMPOSITIONS:

An account of the inauguration of Jefferson.

The early settlement of Marietta.

An account of Lewis and Clarke's expedition.

DEBATES:

Resolved, that Burr was a traitor.

Resolved, That the President should be elected by the direct vote of the people.

Resolved, That the coming into power of the National Republican party in Jefferson's election was the best thing for the people.

101. The War in Europe. —The war which was imminent when the United States acquired Louisiana broke out shortly after with great fury, and caused the people on the Atlantic coast to watch affairs on the other side of the ocean anxiously; for war in Europe meant peril to American ships and sailors. There was, meantime, peril to American commerce from another source. A great trade was carried on in the Mediterranean Sea. The countries which bordered on it produced fruits and other articles not found elsewhere. The eastern ports, also, were depots for goods brought overland from Asia.

102. The Pirates of the Barbary States. Upon the south shore of the Mediterranean Sea was a group of states called the Barbary States. They were Algiers, Morocco, Tunis, and Tripoli. The people of these countries were chiefly Moors, Turks, and Arabs, and they were Mohammedan in religion. The ports of the Barbary States were infested by pirates, who darted out upon the vessels which sailed up and down the Mediterranean. These pirates were the terror of Europe. They not only plundered vessels and committed many murders, but they were also slave dealers, and sold into slavery

the sailors whom they captured.' Some mercantile countries of Europe paid a yearly tribute to the rulers of the Barbary States, that their vessels might be let alone.

War with Tripoli. England was the only nation these pirates really feared. So long as American vessels were under the English flag, they were reasonably secure. But when the United States became an independent nation, the pirates began to attack her merchant vessels, and to demand. tribute. At first the government paid tribute, as the easiest way to protect American commerce. This went on until it was a humiliation not to be endured. The pirates grew more insolent, and in 1801.the Dey of Tripoli declared war upon the United States, because he was dissatisfied with the payments made to him. For four years a series of fights took place between the pirates and the few vessels which could be spared from the little American navy.

Decatur's Exploit. One of the American naval officers performed a famous exploit. The Philadelphia, an American frigate, struck a reef in the harbor of Tripoli, and the commander was obliged to surrender the helpless vessel. A very high tide rose, floated her off, and gave the Tripolitans a fine addition to their navy. Stephen Decatur, a young lieutenant, entered the harbor with a small vessel, and, pretending to have lost his anchor, made fast to the Philadelphia. He had a number of men concealed in his vessel, and suddenly, at a signal, they all rushed aboard the Philadelphia. They set fire to it, returned without the loss of a man to their own vessel, and sailed away to the fleet outside.

Feb. 15,

1804.

End of the War. The American navy in the Mediterranean was increased in the autumn of 1804. A vigorous attack was made upon the pirates, and a land force aided in capturing Derne, one of the ports of Tripoli. A treaty of peace was made, and prisoners were exchanged. This put an end for a

1 Readers of Robinson Crusoe will remember how, in the early part of that story, Crusoe was thus captured.

while to the piracy. The war with Tripoli had compelled the United States to build more war vessels; it trained

1805. the American navy, somewhat as the French and

Indian War had made officers and soldiers ready for the war of independence, and the country took pride in the exploits of its sailors.

In

103. The European War in its Effect on American Commerce. There was immediate need of strength at sea, for the struggle between France and England was growing desperate, and all Europe was drawn into it. In 1804 Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of France. He was a general such as Europe had never before seen. He had behind him soldiers who would go wherever he might lead them. All France was flushed with victory and eager for further conquest. The countries were forced to take sides either with England or with France. 1806 Napoleon fought a series of battles which left England and Russia alone unconquered; he planned to subdue those countries also. England's power was in her commerce and manufactures; Napoleon aimed to destroy these. He issued from Berlin a decree, declaring that England was in a state of blockade. He claimed the right to seize all vessels trading with England or her colonies. England replied with Nov. 21, an Order in Council, that is, an order made by the king and his ministry, not an act of Parliament; this order forbade all commerce with the ports of Europe which were within the French dominion or in countries allied with France.

1806.

104. The Impressment of Seamen. The effect of these and similar proclamations was felt severely by American merchants. As neutrals, the Americans had secured almost all the carrying trade of Europe, and had a very large business in the West Indies. The decision made in the English courts took away from neutrals all but the most insignificant privileges, and the English navy pounced down on American vessels under the slightest pretext. Not only were merchant vessels captured and sailors impressed under pretense that they were

Englishmen, but the British ship Leopard overhauled the.

American frigate Chesapeake in American waters June 22, and took from her some men who were said to have 1807. deserted from the British navy.

This affair excited the greatest indignation in the United States. President Jefferson issued a proclamation forbidding British armed vessels to enter American ports. The British government made a half apology for what was really an act of war. The United States could only protest. She had no navy strong enough to enable her to demand satisfaction.

105. The Embargo and Non-Intercourse Acts. - It was necessary to pursue some policy in answer to the repression of American commerce, and Jefferson induced Congress to pass an Embargo Bill. By this bill all American vessels were forbidden to leave American ports for Europe. For- Dec. 22, eign vessels were forbidden to land cargoes. The purpose of the embargo was to cripple European, and especially English, trade; but England did not need our trade nearly so much as we needed hers. The chief effect of the embargo was therefore to impoverish American merchants, and to stop business in the ports from which their vessels sailed.

1807.

Next it cut off farmers and planters from sending their produce abroad. It soon appeared that the United States could not get along without Europe. As months went on, the Embargo Act became so unpopular, that before the close. of Jefferson's second term many of his friends forsook him. A great pressure was brought to bear, and Congress repealed the act. It passed, in its place, a Non-Intercourse Act, which continued the embargo with England and France, but left commerce free with other European countries.

106. Madison's Administration. The Non-Intercourse Act went into operation March 4, 1809, when James Madison succeeded to the Presidency. Madison held office for two terms, from 1809 to 1817. He belonged to Jefferson's party, and continued the same policy. Party feeling had grown very bitter. New England, which suffered most from the breaking