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States? When were they imposed by the government to a large extent and cheerfully accepted by the people? Tell the story of Brutus and Cæsar; of Cromwell and Charles I. What word is in common use today to express a systematic refusal to trade with a particular person? In what country did it originate? How were the stamps fixed to papers? What were the leading articles of manufacture in the colonies at this time? Did the colonists really desire to be represented in Parliament ? What then was the meaning of "no taxation without representation"? In what way was this phrase a watchword of William Pitt as well as of Patrick Henry and James Otis ?

SUGGESTIONS FOR LITERARY TREATMENT.

COMPOSITIONS:

Narrative of a journey from Boston to Philadelphia in 1763.

A sketch of the life of William Pitt.

How the colonists in some cities set about defeating the Stamp Act? A sketch of the life of James Otis.

DEBATES:

Resolved, That England was justified in drawing revenue from America for the payment of government expenses in America.

Resolved, That the colonists were justified in smuggling, under the navigation laws.

Resolved, That England was acting under her constitutional rights in passing the Stamp Act.

Quartered.

CHAPTER III.

THE FIRST RESISTANCE.

Given quarters or

houseroom among the people. East India Company. A corporation in England, formed for trading with the East Indies. It laid the foundation of English rule in India. Common. A piece of ground in a

town, left uninclosed, for the common use of all the people in the town. Outskirts.

The border of a town.

Păr'apet. A fortification, breast
high.
Ticonderō'ga.

18. The Quartering of Troops. The object of the Stamp Act had been to raise money for the support of the king's troops in America. That object still remained, and Parliament now passed an act by which the colonies were to quarter the troops sent among them. It also imposed certain duties on 1767. colonial trade and declared that the revenue from these duties should be used to pay the salaries of officers of the crown in America. It reaffirmed the legality of Writs of Assistance. The attitude of Parliament was clearly one of tighter control of the colonies.

To make this more evident, a colonial department was made a distinct branch of the government. Pitt had grown feeble and had withdrawn practically from power. He had been created Earl of Chatham. The ministry, headed now by the brilliant Townshend and a little later by the dull and obstinate Lord North, was a Tory ministry. The old Whigs were out of office, and the party of new Whigs, though vigorous, was small. There was no quarrel between the king's ministry and Parliament, but the colonies for some time maintained the position that they were loyal subjects of the king and resisted only the illegal acts of Parliament.

The Boston Massacre. The principal places affected by these acts were New York and Boston. The Assembly of New York refused to make provision for the troops, and Parliament ordered the Assembly to close. Massachusetts sent a circular letter to the other colonies, proposing a petition to the king. This petition protested against acts of Parliament which taxed them without their consent. The answer of the king's ministers was to send four regiments of soldiers to Boston. The people there, both in town meeting and in the legislature, demanded that the troops should be withdrawn.

March 5,

They were a constant cause of irritation; and the petty quarrels between the soldiers and townspeople broke out finally into a fight in which some of the townspeople were killed. This fight, which goes by the name of the 1770. Boston Massacre, produced an intense feeling of anger. For several years the 5th of March was a day for a great town meeting, and an oration by some Boston patriot. By such meetings and addresses the people kept alive the memory of a wrong, and encouraged one another to resist tyranny.

Samuel Adams,' a popular leader who had great influence, especially among the workingmen of Boston, headed the citi zens, the day after the Boston massacre, in a demand for the removal of the troops. The governor, Thomas Hutchinson,2

1 Samuel Adams was born in Boston, September 16, 1722. His grandfather and the grandfather of John Adams were brothers. Samuel Adams was graduated at Harvard College, and the subject of his commencement piece was significant, "Whether it be lawful to resist the supreme magistrate, if the Commonwealth cannot otherwise be preserved." He was distinctly the mouthpiece of the citizens of Boston in their dispute with the authorities. He was a member of the Continental Congress, and afterward Governor of Massachusetts. He died October 2, 1803. His statue stands in Dock Square, Boston, and an excellent life has been written by James K. Hosmer.

2 Thomas Hutchinson and Samuel Adams were on opposite sides in politics, and as Adams represented the new party springing up which was satisfied finally with nothing short of independence, Hutchinson was the ablest of those who held by the Crown, and finally was compelled to leave the country. He was an honest, unselfish man, and no one can rightly understand the position of those who tried in America to keep the British empire intact, without becoming acquainted with Hutchinson. Mr. Hosmer has written his life also.

seeing the entire community aroused, was wise enough to order the troops to be removed to the fort in the harbor, called the Castle. But the people were fast coming to look on the English government as hostile, and Adams, who was one of the first to see that entire independence was logically the end, proposed a committee in Boston town meeting to correspond with other towns on the affairs of the people. This practice was taken up

by the towns, and later by the colony with other colonies, and committees of correspondence became an important agency in organizing the people.

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19. The Tax on Tea. -England now committed a blunder which brought affairs to a crisis. The colonies, by their firmness, had compelled Parliament to remove one tax after another; that on tea alone remained. The people accordingly refused to buy tea, although for merly they had bought large quantities. The East India Company found itself with seventeen million pounds of tea in its English warehouses, which it could not sell. The failure of the company would greatly impoverish the king, who owned shares in it. It became necessary to do something to relieve the company.

Samuel Adams.

Accordingly Lord North, the king's chief adviser, persuaded Parliament to pass an act taking off the tax of sixpence a pound which the tea paid in England. It was supposed this would so reduce the price of tea that the Americans would

not mind the tax of threepence per pound which was still to be paid in America, and would buy largely. The company

was shrewder than Lord North,

to pay the English tax, but to
duty, in America. "No," said
be one tax, to keep up the right."
As soon as the colonies
learned of the act of Parlia-
ment, there was great in-
dignation. It was not
cheap tea that they
wanted, but untaxed
tea. They saw the
English govern-
ment taking off
the tax in Eng-
land, but keeping
it on in America.
They knew that
this was intended
by the king as a
declaration of his
right to tax the
colonies. When
the vessels bring-
ing the tea
reached America,

the citizens in

and asked to be allowed land the tea, free of

the king, "there must

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Old South Church.

many of the ports compelled the captains to sail back with their cargoes to England.

The Boston Tea Party. In Boston the royalist governor attempted to secure the landing of the tea. The citizens, under the lead of Sam Adams, as he was popularly called, would not permit it. For twenty days the committee of the people strove to compel the governor to send back the vessels. Faneuil Hall, where the town meetings were held, was

1773.

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