Essential Evidence-Based Medicine, Volume 1Cambridge University Press, 17 de jun. de 2004 - 381 páginas It may seem simple enough to use the best research results to determine the best care for an individual patient, however many medical students and physicians may not have the mathematical background or training to critically evaluate published research. This "user's guide" helps the medical professional to become a more discriminating reader of medical literature, and ultimately better equipped to apply evidence-based medicine in practice. The volume will be an ideal introductory text for medical students and health-care professionals. |
Conteúdo
A brief history of medicine and statistics | 1 |
What is evidencebased medicine? | 9 |
Causation | 17 |
The medical literature an overview | 22 |
Searching the medical literature | 30 |
Study design and strength of evidence | 52 |
Instruments and measurements precision and validity | 62 |
Sources of bias | 74 |
Bayes theorem predictive values posttest probabilities and interval likelihood ratios | 222 |
Comparing tests and using ROC curves | 237 |
Incremental gain and the threshold approach to diagnostic testing | 242 |
Sources of bias and critical appraisal of studies of diagnostic tests | 254 |
Screening tests | 267 |
Practice guidelines and clinical prediction rules | 276 |
Decision analysis and quantifying patient values | 288 |
Costeffectiveness analysis | 304 |
Review of basic statistics | 87 |
Hypothesis testing | 102 |
Type I errors and number needed to treat | 113 |
Negative studies and Type II errors | 122 |
Risk assessment | 132 |
Multivariate analysis | 145 |
Randomized clinical trials RCTs | 150 |
Scientific integrity and the responsible conduct of research | 162 |
Applicability and strength of evidence | 170 |
An overview of decision making in medicine | 179 |
Sources of error in the clinical encounter | 196 |
The use of diagnostic tests | 206 |
Utility and characteristics of diagnostic tests likelihood ratios sensitivity and specificity | 211 |
Outcome analysis | 312 |
Metaanalysis and systematic reviews | 319 |
Levels of evidence and grades of recommendations | 329 |
Overview of critical appraisal | 334 |
Formulas | 337 |
Commonly used statistical tests | 340 |
Proof of Bayes theorem | 343 |
Using balance sheets to calculate thresholds | 345 |
Glossary | 347 |
Bibliography | 361 |
| 373 | |
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Termos e frases comuns
absolute risk analysis bias calculate cancer case-control studies cause chapter Citation clinical question clinically important clinician Cochrane Collaboration Cochrane Library cohort studies colorectal confidence intervals considered cost cost-effectiveness data dredging Database death decision tree determine diagnostic test drug effect effect size evaluate event evidence evidence-based medicine example false positive gold standard guidelines hypothesis increase intervention JAMA Journal likelihood ratios look measure medical literature meta-analysis negative test normal number needed occurs odds ratio outcome of interest patients physicians placebo population positive test post-test odds post-test probability potential practice predictive values present pretest probability probability of disease problem PubMed relative risk risk factor ROC curves rule sample screening test sensitivity and specificity standard deviation statistical tests statistically significant strep throat subjects symptoms systematic reviews Table test result treat Type II error validity variables