4

2

kas, Kulindopatyakas,* Vátáyanas,' Daśárnas, Romans,3 Kuśabindus, Kakshas, Gopálakakshas," Jángalas, Kuruvarnakas, Kirátas, † Barbaras, Siddhas,

6

7

8

1 The MSS. agree in reading this Vánáyava or Vanayus, a people in the north-west, also famous for horses.

2 A better reading is Daśapárśwa; as we have had Daśárnas before.

3 Also Ropans: quere, Romans?

Also Gachchhas and Kachchhas: the last is the best reading, although it has occurred before.

5 Also Gopálakachchhas. They are amongst the eastern tribes, in Bhima's Dig-vijaga. §

• Or Lángalas. ||

7 Kurujángalas, T or the people of the forests in the upper part of the Doab. It is also read Paravallabhas.

9 The analogy to 'barbarians' is not in sound only; but, in all the authorities, these are classed with borderers and foreigners, and nations not Hindu. **

a mere clerical error,

* Professor Wilson had "Kulindápatyakas", I surmise. See Lassen's Indische Alterthumskunde, Vol. I., p. 547. + See my sixth note at p. 130, supra. Also see Journal As. Soc. Bengal, 1849, pp. 766, 773. The passages here referred to occur in Hodgson's admirable essay On the Physical Geography of the Himálaya. In the reprint of it, in No. XXVII. of Selections from the Records of the Government of Bengal, he gives, at p. 64, Khombo as a synonym of

Kiránti.

Or Daśárhas? See my first note at p. 178, infra.

§ Mahábhárata, Sabhá-parvan, 1077.

See M. V. de Saint-Martin's Mémoire Analytique, &c., p. 162.

| To translate जाङ्गलाः कुरुवर्णका:, 'people of the Kuru thickets'. "Jangalas" was, therefore, left in the text inadvertently. Kurujángala

黃糖

and its inhabitants are frequently mentioned in the Mahábhárata, as in the Ádi-parv., 3739, 4337, et al. Also see p. 156, supra, my second note. Thus, in the Rámáyana, Bengal recension, Kishkindhá-káńða, XLIV., 14, we read of the Chinas, Aparachinas, Tukháras, Barbaras, and Kámbojas, in the north.

2

3

4

Vaidehas,1 Támraliptakas, Audras, Pauńdras, dwellers in sandy tracts (Saiśikatas *), and in mountains (Párvatíyas†). Moreover, chief of the sons of Bharata, there are the nations of the south, the Drávidas, Ke

5

1 Also Dáhas, in which we should have a resemblance to the Scythian Dahæ.

2 Or Támaliptas, or Dámaliptas; the people at the western mouth of the Ganges, in Midnapoor and Tamlook. Támralipti was a celebrated sea-port, in the fourth century, (Acc. of the Foeküe-ki,+) and retained its character in the ninth and twelfth. Daśa Kumára Charitra§ and Brihat Kathá; || also J. R. As. Soc. ¶ 3 The people of Oára or Orissa. **

4 The inhabitants of Puńára: see note 5 at p. 170, supra. †† 5 The people of the Coromandel coast, from Madras southwards; those by whom the Tamil language is spoken. ++

*

The Calcutta edition has Saisikatas. Neither reading is Sanskrit. See Burnouf's Commentaire sur le Yaçna, pp. c.-cii.; also M. V. de Saint-Martin's Étude sur la Géog. Grecque, &c., p. 65, third foot-note. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. V., p 135.

+

+

§ See Professor Wilson's Essays, Analytical, &c., Vol. II., p. 242. The Dámalipta there spoken of is said to be a city of Suhma.

|| Professor Wilson means Katha-sarit-ságara. See his Essays, Analytical, &c, Vol. I., pp. 216, et seq.

See, also, M. S. Julien's Mémoires sur les Contrées Occidentales, Vol. II., p. 83; and M. V. de Saint-Martin's Étude sur la Géog. Grecque, &c., pp. 303, 304.

** The Audras are the inhabitants of Udra, or, possibly, of Odra. The Odras are named, as a southern people, in the Bengal recension of the Rámáyana, Kishkindhá-káńda, XLI., 18, and as a northern people also, XLIV., 13. But the word Odra-like Drávida, ibid., XLI., 18-does not seem to be of much antiquity; whereas the Udras are repeatedly spoken of in the Mahabharata, and once, at least-Sabhá-parvan, 1174-in association with the Keralas. According to the Haima-kośa, IV., 27, the Udras and the Keralas were the same.

We find, according to some MSS., the Audras mentioned, between the Paundrakas and the Dravidas, in the Laws of the Mánavas, X., 44. But see my second note at p. 184, infra.

†† The Pauńdras are, probably, the same as the Pauńdrikas, clearly distinguished from the Puúdras, who are named with them, in the Mahábhárata, Sabhá-parvan, 1872. See my seventh note at p. 180, infra.

++

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2

6

3

4

ralas,1 Práchyas, Múshikas, and Vanavásakas; the Karnátakas, Máhishakas, Vikalyas' and Múshakas, 8 Jillikas, Kuntalas, 10 Sauhridas, Nalakánanas, 11 Kaukuttakas, 12 Cholas, 13 Kaunkańas, 14 Málavánakas, 15 Samangas, Karakas, Kukkuras," Angáras, 16+ DhwaThe people of Malabar proper. ‡

2 Also Prásyas. Práchyas properly means the people of the east; the Prasii of the Greeks, east of the Ganges.

3 Múshika is the southernmost part of the Malabar coast; Cochin and Travancore.

4 Also Vánavásins and Vánavásikas; the inhabitants of Banawasi, the Banavasi of Ptolemy, a town the remains of which are still extant in the district of Sunda.

5 The people of the centre of the Peninsula, the proper Karnáta or Carnatic.

6 The people of Mysore: see note 8 at p. 166, supra.

7 Also Vikalpas.

8 Also Pushkalas.

9 Also Karnikas.

10 Read Kuntikas.

11 Variously read Nalakálaka, Nabhakánana, and Tilakanija. 12 Kaukundaka and Kaukuntaka.

13 The inhabitants of the lower part of the Coromandel coast; so called, after them-Cholamandala.

14

People of the Concan. According to some statements, there are seven districts so named. §

15 Malavánara and Śálaváúaka.

16 These two words are sometimes compounded as Kukkurángára. It is also read Kanurájada.

*

They are again mentioned in the Mahábhárata, Sabhá-parvan, 1872. The Trikánda-sesha, II., 1, 10, makes them the same as the Daśárhas. The Bengal recension of the Rámáyana, Kishkindhá-káńda, XLI., 14, names the Kukuras, immediately after the Daśárnas, as a southern people. Should we there read Kukkuras and Daśárhas? Vide pp. 159, 176, supra. The Calcutta edition of the Mahábhárata here adds, by an almost indubitable blunder, the Márishas. Vide p. 165, text and foot-notes, supra. § See the Raja-tarangini, IV., 159. Professor Wilson had previously

4

2

5

jinyutsavasanketas,' Trigartas, Sálwasenis, Śakas, 3* Kokarakas, Proshthas, Samavegavasas. There are also the Vindhyachulukas, Pulindas† and Kalka

6

This is a questionable name, though the MSS. agree. We have, in Arjuna's Dig-vijaya,‡ Utsavamanketa; and, in Nakula's, to the west, Utsavasanketa. §

2 These are amongst the warriors of the Mahabharata. They are included, in all the lists, amongst the northern tribes,|| and are mentioned, in the Rája-tarangini, ¶ as not far from Kashmir. They are considered to be the people of Lahore. **

3 Also Vyúkas and Vrikas. The latter are specified amongst the central nations: Váyu, &c. ††

4 Kokavakas and Kokanakhas.

5 Sáras and Vegasáras; also Parasanchárakas.

++
++

6 Vindhyapalakas and Vindhyamúlikas. The latter, those at

written: "The seven Konkanas are, indeed, known in the Deccan still, and comprehend the whole of the Parasu Ráma Kshetra, or the greater part of the Malabar coast. They are named Kerala (Malabar), Tulunga or Tuluva, Govaráshtra (or Goa), Konkańa proper, Karátaha, Varalatta, and Barbara." Asiatic Researches, Vol. XV., p. 47, foot-note.

* In the Calcutta edition of the Mahábhárata the reading is Bakas. Vide p. 159, supra, note 1, and my annotation on it.

Mahábhárata, Sabhá-parvan, 1025. But the word there is Utsavasanketa. It was a broken in the original, as printed in the Calcutta edition of the Mahabharata, that seems to have given rise to "Utsavamanketa".

§ Mahábharata, Sabhá-parvan, 1191. And see Indische Alterthumskunde, Vol. II., pp. 134, 135.

As in the Sabhá-parvan, 1026. In the Márkandeya-puráňa, LVII., 57, the Trigartas are reckoned among mountain-tribes.

¶ From V., 144, it only appears that it lay between Cashmere and Gujerat. The Haima-kosa, IV., 23, gives Jalandhara and Trigarta as synonyms.

**

"Trigarta, the country of the three strongholds, has been recently determined to be the modern hill-state of Kotoch, which is still called, by the people, Traigart ká mulk." Professor Wilson, in Prof. Johnson's Selections from the Mahabharata, p. 64, eighth foot-note.

+ Márkandeya-puráňa, LVII., 33.

++

See Colonel Wilford, Asiatic Researches, Vol. XIV., p. 397.

5

6

4

8

las,1 Málavas,** Mallavas,3 Aparavallabhas, Kulindas, Kálavas, Kunthakas, Karatas, Múshakas, Tanabálas,s Saníyas, Ghatasrinjayas, 10 Alindas, "+ Pásivátas, 12 Ta

9

11

the foot of Vindhya, are named, in the Pauráńik lists, amongst the southern tribes.

1 Balwala and Valkaja.

2 Also Málaka and Májava.

3 Also Vallabhas, which, from the succeeding word, may be conjectured to be correct. A city named Vallabhí makes a great figure in the traditions of Rajputana. See Tod's Rajasthan. §

One of the tribes in the west, or north-west, subdued by Arjuna.

5 Kálada and Dohada.

6

Kundala, Karantha, and Mandaka. The latter ¶ occurs, in the Rámáyana, amongst the eastern nations.

**

10 The Srinjayas are a people from the north-west, amongst the warriors of the Mahábhárata. The reading may be incorrect. It occurs also Pútisŕinjaya.

11 Also Aninda.

12 Also Sivata, Sirála, Syuvaka.

* Vide pp. 133, 134, supra.

There were Málavas in the north: Ma

hábhárata, Drona-parvan, 183. The Rámáyana, Kishkindhá-káńda, XL., 22, places them in the east. The Bengal recension does not know of them. Formerly printed "Alindayas",-by oversight, I suppose.

+

In the Márkandeya-puráňa, LVII., 47, I find Vindhyamauleyas.

§ Also see Indische Alterthumskunde, Vol. III., pp. 501, et seq.

|| Mahábh., Sabhá-parvan, 997. Professor Wilson-in Prof. Johnson's Selections from the Mahabharata, p. 65—says that the Kulindas, 'as appears from the context, are mountaineers. They were, probably, neighbours of the Traigartas." Also see Indische Alterthumskunde, Vol. I., p. 547. Of which Manduka is a variant recognized by the commentator. ** In one MS. of the Bengal recension of this poem, Kishkindhá-káńða, XL, after stanza 24, is a half-stanza which registers, as eastern peoples, the Dravidas, Malivas (sic), Madras, Pattanas, and Maúdakas. See Signor Gorresio's edition of the Rámáyana, Vol. VIII., p. 333, note 40.