gas, Kirátas, Sudeshtas; and the people on the Yamuná* (Yámunas), Sakas, Nishádas," Nishadhas,3 Ánartas; and those in the south-west (Nairritas), the

4

Pachete, Palamow, and part of Chunar. See an account of Puńdra, translated from what is said to be part of the Brahmánda section of the Bhavishyat Puráňa. Quarterly Oriental Magazine, December, 1824.

1 There is considerable variety in this term: Lárga, Márja, Samuttara, and Samantara. Probably, neither is correct. Bhargas are amongst the people subdued in the east by Bhima. † 2 These are foresters and barbarians in general.

3 Notwithstanding the celebrity of this country, as the kingdom of Nala, it does not appear exactly where it was situated. We may conclude it was not far from Vidarbha (Berar); as that was the country of Damayantí. From the directions given by Nala to Damayanti, it is near the Vindhya mountain and Payoshni river; and roads lead from it across the Riksha mountain to Avantí and the south, as well as to Vidarbha and to Kośala. § Nalopákhyána, Sec. 9.

These are always placed in the west.

* The people on or about Mount Yamuna? in the Rámáyana, Kishkindhá-kanda, XL., 21. † Mahábhárata, Sabhá-parvan, 1085.

They are fabled to

This mountain is named
It is in the east.

Colonel Tod, — Annals of Rajasthan, Vol. I., p. 89,-following oral tradition, locates Nala at Nurwur, in Bundelkhand, where stands a celebrated stronghold. Col. R. R. W. Ellis has brought to light, from that vicinity, an inscription, dated Samvat 1177, or A. D. 1120, in which the fortress of Nalapura is mentioned. That of Nurwur is, probably, thereby intended: but what Nala was he of Nalapura? See Journal of the Archæological Society of Delhi, Jan., 1853, pp. 42-46.

For the tradition connecting Nurwur with a Rájá Nala, also see Mr. M. Martin's Eastern India, Vol. II., p. 458.

§ See, for the original-with a literal translation-of what is here abstracted, my note at pp. 144-146, supra. The only inference to be drawn from the passage in question, as to Nala's locality, is, that it was to the north of Avanti. If by Avanti we are to understand Oojein, he could not have been very near to Vidarbha; and he may have been a long way from it.

As by the Rámáyana, Bengal recension, Kishkindhá-káńda, XLIII., 13.

Durgalas, Pratimásyas,1 Kuntalas, Kusalas,' Tíragra

be the descendants of Ánarta, the son of Śaryáti, who founded the capital Kusasthalí, afterwards Dwaraká, on the sea-shore in Gujerat.*

1 Also Pratimatsyas; those opposite or adjacent to the Matsyas. 2 Also Kuśajas and Kosalas. The latter is, probably, correct; as the name does not occnr in any other form than that of Káśikośala above. † Kosala is a name variously applied. Its earliest and most celebrated application is to the country on the banks of the Sarayú, the kingdom of Ráma, of which Ayodhya § was the capital. Rámáyana, I., S. 5.|| In the Mahábhárata we have one Kośalá ¶ in the east, and another in the south, besides the Prák-košalas ** and Uttara-kośalas †† in the east and north. The Puránas place the Kośalas amongst the people 'on the back of Vindhya;' and it would appear, from the Váyu, that Kusa, the son of Rama, transferred his kingdom to a more central position; he ruled over Kośala at his capital of Kuśasthali or Kušávatí,‡‡ built upon the Vindhyan precipices: fergy | "The same is alluded to in the Pátála Khanda of the Padma Purána, and in the Raghu Vamsa, §§ for the purpose of explaining

* In a foot-note to Book IV., Chap. II. of this work, Professor Wilson asserts that Ánarta was "part of Cutch or Gujerat".

+ Vide p. 157, supra.

Professor Wilson here had "Kośala". And throughout the note here annotated he used Kośala and Kośalá-that is to say, the name of a country and that of its capital-indiscriminately.

§ Itself called Kośalá and Uttarakośalá. See the Haima-kosa, IV., 41; and the Trikáńda-śesha, II., 1, 12.

++ Kuśasthali is a synonym of Dwaraka: see Professor Wilson's fourth note in the last page. The authority for recognizing a second Kuśasthali, identifiable with Kuśávatí, is not known to me.

§§ XVI., 25.

has, Śúrasenas, Íjikas,1 Kanyakáguńas, Tilabháras, Samíras, Madhumattas,* Sukandakas, Káśmíras,2 Sindhu

the return of Kuśa to Ayodhya. Certainly in later times, the country of Kośala lay south of Oude; for, in the Ratnávalí, the general of Vatsa† surrounds the king of Kośala in the Vindhya mountains (Hindu Theatre, Vol. II., p. 305): and, as noticed in the same work, (p. 267,) we have, in the Puránas, Sapta Kosalas, or seven Kosalas.+ An inscription found at Ratnapur in Chhattisgarh, of which I have an unpublished translation, states that Śrí-deva, the governor of Malahari Mandala, having obtained the favour of Prithwideva, king of Kośala, was enabled to build temples, and dig tanks, &c.; indicating the extension of the power of Kosala across the Ganges in that direction. The inscription is dated Samvat 915, or A. D. 858. The Kosala of the Puránas and of the dramatic and poetic writers was, however, more to the west, along a part of the Vindhya range. § Ptolemy has a Kontakossula in the south; probably one of the Kosalas of the Hindus.

1 Also Itikas; perhaps the Ishikas or Aishíkas of the Váyu, &c.; a people of the south.

2 The people of Kashmir. T

* In the Haima-kośa, IV., 24, the Madhumatas are the same as the Káśmíras, who are mentioned just below, in the text here benoted. See my second note at p 158, supra.

For the words "in the seven Kośalas" see Book IV., Chap. XXIV. of the present work. On reaching that chapter, I shall remark on the Sanskrit expressions from which Professor Wilson inferred that the Kosalas were seven in number.

§ As appears, from the passage of the Mahabharata quoted in my note at pp 144–146, supra, a part, at least, of one of the Kosalas -or Kosalas-lay to the south of Vidarbha. Professor Lassen's map accompanying his Indische Alterthumskunde, is, accordingly, to be modified. || See Indische Alterthumskunde, Vol. I., p. 129, third foot-note.

¶ There are Kaśmíras in the west, according to the Bengal recension of the Rámáyana, Kishkindhá-káńda, XLIII., 22; and according to the Márkandeya-puráňa, LVII., 52.

3

4

sauvíras,1 Gándháras, 2 Darśakas, Abhisáras, Utúlas,"

1 One of the chief tribes engaged in the war of the Mahábhárata. The Rámáyana* places them in the west; the Puráńas, † in the north. The term Sindhu shows their position to have been upon the Indus, apparently in the Punjab.

2 These are, also, a people of the north-west, found both on the west of the Indus and in the Punjab, and well known, to classical authors, as the Gandarii and Gandaridæ. Asiatic Researches, Vol. XV., p. 103; also Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Account of the Foe-küe-ki. §

3 From the context, this should, probably, be Darvakas; the people of a district usually specified in connexion with the succeeding.

4 These are the inhabitants of the country bordering on Kashmir, to the south and west; known, to the Greeks, as the kingdom of Abisares. It often occurs in composition with Dárva, as Dárvábhisára. ¶ Asiatic Researches, Vol. XV., p. 115. **

5 Also read Ulútas and Kulútas. †† The Rámáyana has Kolúkas‡‡ or Kaulútas amongst the western tribes.

*

Bengal recension, Kishkindhá-káńda, XLIII., 11.

† As in the Márkańdeya, LVII., 36: also see LVIII., 30. There were Sauviras in the east: Mahabharata, Drona-parvan, 184. And see pp. 133, 134, supra. Sauvira = Kumálaka: Haima-kośa, IV., 26.

+

Vol. V., p. 117. The paper was written by Professor Wilson.

§ See, further, M. V. de Saint-Martin's Étude sur la Géog. Grecque, &c., Appendix I.; and Sir H. M. Elliot's Historians of Muhammedan India, Vol. I., p. 30, fourth foot-note.

See Professor Wilson's Ariana Antiqua, p. 190.

¶ See Lassen's Indische Alterthumskunde, Vol. II., Appendix, pp. XXXIX. and XL.; Mahábhárata, Drona-parvan, 3380; Karna-parvan, 3652. ** See the Translator's third note in the next page.

†† The Kulútas —not Kulúťas—are a real people. See Professor Wilson's Hindu Theatre, Vol. II., p. 165; M. V. de Saint-Martin's Mémoire Analytique, &c., pp. 81-84; and his Étude sur la Géog. Grecque, &c., pp. 300-303.

++

++

Bengal recension, Kishkindhá-kánda, XLIII., 8.

1

2

Śaiválas, and Báhlikas; the people of Darví,3* the Vánavas, Darvas, † Vátajámarathoragas, ‡ Báhubádhas,* Kauravyas, Sudámans, Sumallikas, Badhnas, Karísha

5

Also with the short vowel, Śaivalas.

2 The Váhlíkas or Báhlíkas§ are always associated with the people of the north, || west, ¶ and ultra-Indian provinces, and are usually considered to represent the Bactrians, or people of Balkh. It is specified, in the Mahábhárata, Udyoga Parvan, as famous for its horses; a reputation the country bordering upon it, at least Bokhara and Maimena, still preserves: and, in Arjuna's Dig-vijaya, ** it is said to be difficult of approach.

3 These are, probably, intended for the neighbours of the Abhisáras. They are found in the north by Arjuna, Dig-vijaya,‡‡ and are there termed also Kshatriyas.

* Also read Bahuvádya and Bahurada.

5 The name occurs, in the Rámáyana, as that of a mountain in the Punjab, or in the Báhíka country. II., 53. §§

* This is to translate, which, however, cannot be a plural. Moreover, where was “Darvi"? I would read, not दव च, but दवच-, Darvíchas. Have we, in f, a Sanskritization of, dervish? But I suspect corruption in the lection. Some MSS. have fa -.

What is the relation between the Darvas and the Darvas? But should not we here read Vánavadarvas?

I assume that Professor Wilson's "Vátajamarathorajas" was only an inadvertence. Further, may not Vátajamas and Rathoragas be preferable?

§ For the Báhikas, see p. 167, Translator's second foot-note, supra. || Bengal recension of the Rámáyana, Kishkindhá-káńda, XLIV., 13. ¶ Rámáyana, Kishkindhá-káńda, XLII., 6; XLIII., 5, in the Bengal recension.

** Mahábhárata, Sabhá-parvan, 1030.

See the Translator's fourth note in the last page; also, Lassen's Indische Alterthumskunde, Vol. II., p. 138, foot-note.

The Dárvas are supposed to be the Augßaio of Ctesias.

++ Mahábhárata, Sabhá-parvan, 1026.

++

§§ See Lassen's De Pentapotamia Indica, p. 12, second foot-note.