but wholesome bread; and the latter are well known as delicious and wholesome food. Rice, a very nutritive grain, is much cultivated in warm climates; and preferred to other kinds of grain for the food of man.

44. Modern husbandry has sub-divided grass into nearly a hundred several kinds; of which, there are two principal divisions; natural grasses, and artificial grasses. The several sorts are sown and cultivated together, or separately; according to the nature of the soil, or the object of the cultivator.

45. The natural grasses are very numerous; and are preferred for lands intended to be kept in grass. The artificial grasses are ray grass, red clover, trefoil, sainfoin, lucern, orchard grass, timothy, &c.

46. On many farms, cows are kept for the milk they yield; and for the purpose of making butter or cheese. Butter is made from cream by agitating it in a churn; and is the oily part of the cream. Cheese is made from milk by curdling it with runnet; and the curd is then pressed, shaped, and dried.

Obs.-The runnet is the inside of the stomach of a calf; and is kept in pickle for the purpose of setting the curd. The cheese would be white, if the milk were not previously coloured with Spanish arnotta. The largest cheese-farms in England, are in Cheshire and Denbighshire; and on some of these, 500 milch cows are kept. In the United States, the largest dairies are in New England and New York.

47. Of late years, selections have been made of breeds of cattle, sheep, &c., from among those

which fatten the quickest, which have the bestflavoured flesh, best wool, &c.

48. Among oxen, the kinds that have been preferred in England, are the middle-horned, or Devonshire, for working; and the short-horned, the spotted, and the Alderney, for milking.

The long-horned, the Welch, the Kyeloe, and the Fifeshire, have also their separate purposes and recommendations.

49. Among the improved breeds of sheep, the favourite is the South Down; but the Tees-water, Dartmoor, and Romney-marsh-breeds, are the largest; the new Leicester and Lincoln are the next. The fleece of the Lincoln weighs 11 lbs.

50. Those sheep which produce the finest wool, are the Merino, the Ryeland, and the Shetland; but their fleeces weigh only from 2 to 3 lbs.

A male sheep is called a tup or ram; and a female, a ewe. They are usually shorn in May or June; and are called one-shear, two-shear, or three-shear sheep, according to their ages.

51. Horses are divided into blood-horses or racers; hackney or riding-horses; coach-horses; Cleaveland-bays; Suffolk-punches; Clydesdales; and heavy-blacks: each of them adapted to distinct purposes of use or pleasure.

52. Hogs are severally of Berkshire, Hampshire, Shropshire, Gloucestershire, Chinese, white, and swing-tailed breeds; all different in their shapes and character.

53. Numerous other productive animals are also objects of the farmer's care; as poultry for eggs; geese, ducks, turkeys, Guinea-fowls, and pigeons; bees for honey; and fish stocked in

ponds. Farmers likewise extract cyder from apfrom pears; and delicious wines from

ples; perry various fruits.

54. Every farm-house is provided with its kitchen-garden, for the cultivation of vegetables and fruits. The Art of Gardening forms also one of the most useful and delightful branches of rural employment. Besides kitchen-gardens for raising vegetables, there are fruit-gardens, or orchards, flower-gardens, and pleasure-gardens.

55. By the art of Gardening, the fruits of one part of the world, are propagated and cultivated in other climates, to which, at first, they seemed to be ill-adapted.*

Thus, in England, the only native fruits were the acorn, the blackberry, the alder-berry, hips, and haws; but it now enjoys gooseberries, currants, apples, pears, plumbs, apricots, peaches, nectarines, and grapes-all exotics, and first cultivated in England, about three hundred years

since.

56. Within a few years, the bread-fruit tree has been transplanted from the islands of the South Seas to the West Indies; and all the rare spices, natives of the East Indies, are now cultivated in the West Indies.

57. The Potatoe, so considerable and wholesome a portion of our food, was unknown in Europe, about two centuries ago; and was brought from America by sir Walter Raleigh. The period is on record (500 years before Christ,) when the

* In the present edition, the long paragraphs have been purposely broken, for the ease of junior students; but the numbers remain the same.

first wheat was brought into Europe, from Asia Minor. Peas, beans, and all other grain, are exotics in England.

58. Such, also, is the art of man, that he improves whatever he cultivates. By grafting buds of superior fruits on ordinary stocks, he amends, and even alters, the natural produce of the tree; and by managing and selecting his seeds, he improves and enlarges every vegetable production.

59. By the art of Gardening, two, three, or four persons may derive ample subsistence, from every acre of ground in cultivation; but there is, in no country, without cultivation, above one human inhabitant to two square miles; and even on that space, subsistence is obtained with difficulty: such are the triumphs of art over nature!

60. In England and Wales there are ten millions of inhabitants; and forty-seven millions of acres of ground; of which, nearly forty millions are cultivated, or are employed in grazing cattle; the other eight are waste.

There are, consequently, four acres of cultivated ground to every person; and nearly another acre, of that which is uncultivated.

Obs. It having been ascertained, that an acre of land employed as a garden, will produce regular subsistence for four persons; it follows, that if the ground in England was thus cultivated, it would support a population of 160 millions; and with various allowances, at least 100 millions, or ten times its present number. The ground still uncultivated, might, perhaps, be made to maintain the present number of inhabitants in plenty.

61. Each of the people consume in every year, one quarter of wheat, (eighteen bushels) being the produce of half an acre; three bushels of barley

in beer, being the growth of the eighth of an acre; one sheep, one-eighth of an ox, one-third of a lamb, calf, and pig, being the produce of two acres ; and in vegetables and fruits, the produce of the eighth

of an acre.

Obs. Hence, every human inhabitant uses the produce of three acres; and the remainder of his share is consumed by horses; or engaged for buildings, roads, hedge-rows, and pleasure-grounds, or occupied in water.

62. Of the forty millions of cultivated land, twelve millions are employed in arable farming; twenty millions, in grazing cattle; two millions, in woods and hedge-rows; two millions, in roads, water, and buildings; and one million, in hop, garden, and pleasure-grounds; and the remainder lie in fallow.

Obs. The eight millions of waste consist chiefly of commons or heaths; and it is computed, that five millions of them are equal to any purpose of cultivation; the other three, are in mountains; or have no depth of vegetable soil.

63. The number of bullocks killed, annually, in England and Wales, are at least a million; of sheep, nine millions; and of lambs, calves, and pigs, nine millions; besides thirty millions, of poultry and game; and innumerable small birds and fishes.

The number of horses are nearly two millions; of which a million and a half are employed in agriculture and commerce.

Obs. It is calculated, that horses consume one-fifth of the entire produce of the land i.e. the produce of four acres per horse on the whole of the land, or two acres each, of that 12 millions employed in raising corn.

64. On an average, each man, woman, and child, consumes ten ounces per day, of animal