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23d CONGRESS, 1st Session.

[ Rep. No. 334. ]

Ho. OF REPS.

CENSUS-MICHIGAN AND ARKANSAS.
[To accompany bill H. R. No. 362.]

MARCH 11, 1834.

Mr. WILLIAMS, from the Committee on the Territories, made the following

REPORT:

The Committee on the Territories, to which the subject was referred,

report:

That they have had under their consideration the subject of authorizing the people of the eastern division of the Territory of Michigan, and the people of the Territory of Arkansas, to form for themselves a constitution and State Government, and admitting them into the Union on a footing with the original States, and they have come to the conclusion that it is not expedient at this time to adopt the measure. The committee, however, think it proper to take a census of those Territories, and for that purpose herewith report a bill.

In connexion with the subject of admitting Michigan into the Union, the committee have examined the question of boundary between that Territory and the State of Ohio, and also the expediency of changing the boundary between Indiana and the Territory of Michigan.

On the first point, to wit, the question of boundary between Ohio and Michigan, the committee herewith report to the House written arguments, submitted to them by a member from the State of Ohio, and by the Delegate from the Territory of Michigan.

In reference to the whole subject of boundary between the Territory of Michigan and the abovementioned States, the committee think it unnecessary to adopt any additional legislation.

To the honorable Lewis Williams, chairman of the Committee on the Territories in the House of Representatives of the United States:

SIR: After struggling through many years of colonial dependence, and sharing largely the privations, dangers, and desolation, consequent upon the late war with Great Britain and her savage allies, the Territory of Michigan, on reaching, at last, a brighter period in her history and prospects, determined, in 1832, by the vote of a decided majority, to apply for admission into the Union on the same footing with the original

States.

[Gales & Seaton, print.]

In pursuance of this decision of the people, the Legislative Council of the Territory, at their next succeeding session, memorialized Congress on the subject; and, in February last, a bill was reported, which it was hoped and expected would pass, authorizing the people, in the eastern division of said Territory, to form a constitution and State Government. In 1830, when the census was taken, this part of Michigan contained only about thirty thousand inhabitants; but, within the last four years, its population, wealth, and resources have increased with almost unexampled rapidity; and, by the very lowest estimate of those having the best opportunities of judging correctly, it now contains a population of at least fifty thousand persons. Even within the last nine months, the increase of population, by emigration alone, has been more than ten thousand, as is proved by the sales of public lands to actual settlers. There has been paid into the Treasury, during the past season, from this part of said Territory, more than six hundred thousand dollars-an amount considerably greater, it is believed, than has been received, in the same time, from any State or Territory of the United States.

In relation to the justice, propriety, expediency, and even necessity of immediately organizing a State Government in the eastern division of the Territory of Michigan, there is, among our citizens, scarcely a difference of opinion. All are for it. The people of the whole Territory are almost unanimously in favor of the measure; and, knowing their views and feelings in this particular, I felt it my duty to embrace the first opportunity to bring the subject before Congress, and to endeavor to procure the enactment of a law for that purpose, as early in the session as possible.

The bill reported at the last session is such an one as will suit the circumstances of the Territory; and the only change I would propose to make in it is to allow a delegate, in the convention to form a constitution, for every seven hundred inhabitants, instead of every twelve hundred, as there provided. It fixes the boundaries of the proposed State so as to agree precisely with the boundaries of the Territory of Michigan, as organized and established by the act of Congress of January 11, 1805. So far as relates to the division line between the proposed State and the territory which will be left west of Lake Michigan, the boundary there fixed is undoubtedly the one that will suit the true interest of the people, on both sides of said line, better than any other. Running northwardly, as it does, through the centre of Lake Michigan, to its northern extremity, and thence due north to Lake Superior, it coincides, through its whole extent, with one of those boundaries fixed by nature, which, where they exist, should, in the division of States, always be regarded. The strait of Michilimackinac, being narrow, and settled as it is, and will be, by people of the same habits, feelings, and interests, cannot be regarded as a natural division.

The people there, insulated as they must always be, in relation to the settlements west and northwest of them, ought not to be separated by a boundary which will compel a part of them to go southward to Detroit, and a part westward to Green Bay or the Mississippi, to their respective seats of Government; and for this reason alone, even if there were no others, the western boundary of the State should be fixed as it was in he a oresaid act of 1805.

In relation to the southern boundary of the Territory and of the proposed State, there was, several years ago, some controversy. In the year 1820, two or three years after the survey of the northern boundary of the State of Ohio had been completed, under the express provision and authority of an act of Congress, that State, not content with the line as run, according to law, due east from the southern extreme of Lake Michigan, set up her claim to all our territory as far north as a line drawn from the southern extreme of said lake to the north cape of Maumee bay, a point at the head of Lake Erie, about eight miles north of the boundary which had been established. She, however, at that time, failed, even in the opinion of her own citizens, to make good her claim. Controlled by the power of public opinion and a sense of justice, she then acquiesced in the establishment of her northern boundary, agreeably to the survey that had been made by the United States; and the Territory of Michigan has, ever since, through a period of thirteen years, held peaceable and undisputed possession of, and jurisdiction over, the tract of country then claimed by Ohio. Nothing has since been heard of this claim, and when the ground on which it was made had been examined, and the ordinance of 1787, and the numerous acts of Congress in conformity therewith, taken into consideration, it might have been reasonably presumed that nothing would ever be heard of it again. Such, it is not improbable, would have been the case, had it not been supposed that, at the present time, the strong desire of the people of Michigan to enter the Union as an independent State would induce them to submit to almost any change of boundaries that political power might dictate, rather than be kept back.

Under the late census Ohio has received a numerous addition to her representation in Congress; and being so fortunate as to have one of her members, and also one of the members from Indiana, placed on the Committee on the Territories at this particular time, when Michigan is applying for admission into the Union, she is now encouraged to come forward and make a strong effort to revive and sustain a claim which for years past has been abandoned, or suffered to lie at rest. If the claim of Ohio is a just or legal one, and if Congress have power to decide upon it, why has it not been preferred and urged on the attention of Congress some two, four, six, eight, or ten years ago? Why is the present juncture selected as the proper time, above all others, for making this application, unless it be to compel us to abandon our rights, or suffer the penalty of delay in our admission into the Union? Let those answer these questions who can. I am aware that the reasons assigned for this movement, and for the refusal of the delegation from Ohio to leave the question open, to be decided fairly and according to the principles of law and equity, by some disintefested tribunal, at a time when such decision can have no bearing upon our admission into the Union, is, that the matter had better be settled now by Congress, in order to prevent all difficulty between the States of Ohio and Michigan in future. This, coupled with the fact that Ohio has been almost wholly silent on the subject for many years past, looks too much like a pretext, the effect of which is expected to be to secure her the votes of those who may be opposed to our admission, and who will support her claims as a means of delaying or defeating our application.

So far as Congress have any power to settle this question, it has been

settled already, and it is asserted, without the fear of contradiction, that every act of that body, from the ordinance of 1787 down to the present time, has been uniformly, and without any exception, in favor of the boundary, as at present established.

Let us see how they stand, and then say if this is not the fact.

The ordinance of 13th July, 1787, entitled "An ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio," after making various provisions, necessary and proper for the organization of a temporary Government over the said territory, contains the following declaration :

"It is hereby ordained and declared by the authority aforesaid, that the following articles shall be articles of compact between the original States and the people and States in the said territory, and forever remain unalterable, unless by common consent, to wit," &c. &c.

The articles to which this declaration alludes, are six in number, and secure to the people of said territory religious toleration, the benefits of the writ of habeas corpus, the trial by jury, and many other things near and dear to freemen.

The fifth article provides that the whole Northwestern Territory shall be laid off into States, agreeably to certain fixed and unchangeable boundaries therein named and described in the words following, to wit:

"ART. 5. There shall be formed, in the said territory, not less than three, nor more than five States; and the boundaries of the States, as soon as Virginia shall alter her act of cession, and consent to the same, shall become fixed and established, as follows, to wit: The western State in the said territory shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, and the Wabash rivers; a direct line drawn from the Wabash and Post Vincent due north, to the territorial line between the United States and Canada, and by the said territorial line to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi. The middle State shall be bounded by the said direct line; the Wabash from Post Vincent to the Ohio; by the Ohio; by a direct line. drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami to the said territorial line; and by the said territorial line. The eastern State shall be bounded by the last mentioned direct line; the Ohio; Pennsylvania; and the said territorial line: Provided, however, and it is further understood and declared, That the boundaries of these three States shall be subject so far to be altered, that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan.

"And whenever any of the said States shall have 60,000 free inhabitants therein, such State shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of the United States on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever, and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State Government: Provided, The constitution and Government so to be formed shall be republican, and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles; and, so far as it can be, consistent with the general interest of the confederacy, such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period, and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in the State than 60,000."

As these provisions are all deeply interesting to us at the present time, I have copied the whole of the aforesaid fifth article verbatim. Fixing

unalterably, as it does, the boundaries of States, some of which are destined shortly to become among the most important on the globe, it cannot be too closely studied. There are strong and convincing reasons to believe, that, in some instances, in the legislation of Congress heretofore, its provisions have been too little understood, or too slightly regarded.

Of these, however, I shall have occasion to speak more fully in a subsequent part of this letter. At present it is sufficient to remark that all the legislation of Congress, so far as relates to the northern boundary of Ohio, has been perfectly in accordance with the provisions of this article of the ordinance.

It will be observed that by this article the whole Northwestern Territory is, in the first place, laid off into three great States, fronting on the Ohio river, and running back due north to the territorial line between the United States and Canada.

The boundaries of these States are so well defined, and so clearly described, that they cannot be mistaken. There is then a proviso inserted, giving power to Congress, in the event that they shall deem it expedient, to alter these boundaries so far, and no farther, as to form one or two States in that part of the aforesaid three States which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. This, when done, would only alter the north boundary of the three States first formed, so that, instead of the territorial line, or Canada line aforesaid, they would be bounded on the north by an east and west line running through a fixed and well known point. The other boundaries of those States would remain unaltered, and their north boundary, though changed, would still be as well defined and as clearly described as before.

Such, no doubt, was the intention of the framers of the ordinance, and, so far as relates to the northern boundary of Ohio, such has always been the intention of Congress, as will appear, first, by the act of April 30, 1802, entitled "An act to enable the people of the eastern division of the territory northwest of the river Ohio to form a constitution and State Government, and for the admission of such State into the Union on an equal footing with the original States, and for other purposes," the second section of which act is in the following words, viz. And be it further enacted, That the said State shall consist of all the territory included in the following boundaries, to wit: Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania line ; on the south by the Ohio river, to the mouth of the Great Miami river; on the west by a line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid; and on the north by an east and west line drawn through the southern extreme of Lake Michigan, running east after intersecting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the Great Miami, until it shall intersect Lake Erie, or the territorial line, and thence with the same, through Lake Erie, to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid: Provided, That Congress shall be at liberty, at any time hereafter, either to attach all the territory lying east of the line to be drawn due north from the mouth of the Miami aforesaid to the territorial line, and north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan, running east, as aforesaid, to Lake Erie, to the aforesaid State, or dispose of it otherwise, in conformity to the fifth article of compact between the original States and the people and States, to be formed in the territory northwest of the river Ohio."

In relation to this article, which is the only authority the people of Ohio

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