both parties agreed that the crossing of that river by the power of the north should be a "casus belli." Soon after the Oxus was crossed; Geok Tepe, Askhabad, Merv, Sarakhs, the Zulfikar Pass, Ak Robat, Sari Yazi, passed under Russian control,—some only oases, but others beautiful cities in fertile valleys, and all places of importance, each bringing Russia nearer to, and then into, the country of the Afghans, which has all along served as a buffer between India and advancing Russia. Yet England has not declared war, and the student of these events begins to wonder if, after all, the Tsar will not soon lay his measuring rod along the boundary line of the Indies.

"Whatever one's opinion as to the justice of Russia's occupation and and claims, or the honorableness of her methods, he cannot but express wonder and admiration at the persistent maintenance of a purpose conceived nearly two centuries ago with almost infinite foresight, and executed in the face of frequent defeat, danger, hardship, barbarism abroad, and dissatisfaction and threatening anarchy at home; plan devised with shrewd cunning, and persevered in by brave, devoted, ambitious, unscrupulous, audacious generals.

"Twice during the present century has the invasion of India been proposed, once by Napoleon the Great to Paul I, and a few years later by the same general to Alexander; it is said on tolerably good authority that the same proposition was seriously considered by Tsar Nicholas in the early days of his reign.

"Russia openly disavows any such design, but on no other hypothesis is it easy to explain satisfactorily her later advances directly toward the Indian frontier, where, as some recent writer has said in substance, her presence must be a perpetual menace to the prestige of English government and arms, and a constant injury to English commercial prosperity. "If the struggle for the final possession of India and Constantinople must come, we can but wish that the Anglo-Saxon blood of Western Europe may gain the victory over the descendants of the old Tartar race. Should the advance of Russia be stayed at Herat, we would hope that the great nation which now possesses more than one half of Europe and considerably more than two fifths of all Asia, and which has a population of one hundred million souls, may learn the lesson of freedom and justice, and may teach it in turn to the barbarian hordes of the conquered lands and so do its part toward bringing on the day of peace, and of faith in all that is true and noble.

"Russia is the youngest as well as the vastest nation of Europe. Her national life began hardly two hundred years, her national literature only one hundred years ago. "She stands," says one of the bishops of her church, "on the threshold of the morning." The danger that threatens India and Europe is not that of Russian aggression, but of Russian absolutism; if this danger be averted, the day of liberty and light opens for her and her subjects. The question of Russia in Asia will no longer disturb English statesmen, but will be determined in the interests of the state and of humanity."

While the eyes of the world are directed toward Bulgaria and the Balkan provinces, the longing eye of the Tsar roams over all Asia as far as Corea, and as the glance comes back to the Balkans, it rests for a while upon the glittering mosques and minarets of Constantinople.

MR. JUSTICE LAMAR.

Mr. L. Q. C. Lamar, recently appointed by President Cleveland to fill the place upon the bench of the Supreme Court of the United States, made vacant by the death of Mr. Justice Woods, entered upon the duties of his new office on the 18th of January, in the presence of the full bench.

There was quite a large attendance of members of the bar, and the memorable occasion was particularly graced by the presence of many ladies.

Promptly at 12 o'clock, the justices, wearing their black silk robes, filed into the court room from an ante chamber, and were immediately followed by Mr. Lamar, who wore a suit of black, and took his seat to the right of Mr. Justice Blatchford and beside Mr. J. H. McKenney, the clerk of the court.

The customary proclamation of the assembling of the court was then made, viz.: "The Honorable Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States: Oyez! oyez! all persons having business before the Honorable Supreme Court of the United States are admonished to draw near and give their attention, for the court is now sitting. God save the United States and this honorable court."

Chief Justice Waite then unrolled a large sheet of parchment, and announced that they had received the commission of L. Q. C. Lamar as Associate Justice of the Court, and ordered that it be read by the clerk, which was accordingly done.

The Chief Justice then enquired: "Is Mr. Lamar ready to take the oath?" Mr. Lamar bowed, and indicated that he was ready. Mr. McKenney handed him a parchment, upon which was inscribed the following oath:

"I, L. Q. C. Lamar, do solemnly swear that I will administer justice without respect to persons, and do equal right to the poor and to the rich, and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent on me as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, according to the best of my abilities and understanding, agreeably to the Constitution and laws of the United States, so help me God."

Mr. Lamar read the oath in a clear voice, and in completion of the ceremony kissed the bible which was handed him by the clerk, Mr. Mc

Kenney. The newly qualified justice then retired to the corridor in rear of the bench, where he was robed. During his momentary absence, the court and entire audience rose to their feet in respectful welcome and recognition of the new associate justice, who was then escorted by Marshal John M. Wright to his seat on the extreme left of the Chief Justice.

The justices all bowed to their new associate, who in return bowed to them and to the members of the bar and audience. He then took his seat, fully invested with “all the powers, privileges and emoluments" of his high office.

The Supreme Court now sits with its full compliment of nine justices, for the first time since the 4th of May, 1885.-(Wash. Law Reporter.)

THE LEARNED WOMEN OF BOLOGNA.

We give the following extracts from a scholarly and interesting article published in the Woman's Journal, of Boston, and written by Mary A. Livermore, a woman who is well known in this City, and who has acquired a national reputation as an orator and a writer:

"The date of the foundation of the University of Bologna is uncertain. Documents held in its archives indicate that it was founded by Theodosius II, A. D. 425, and was restored by Charlemagne, the latter part of the eighth or the beginning of the ninth century. It took on great glory in the twelth century, when Irnerius was called to the professor's chair by the woman friend of Gregory VII, the noble minded Countess Matilda. The fame of his erudition and the splendor of his eloquence attracted the attention of all learned Europe, and crowds of students flocked to hear the great jurisconsult and to learn of him.

"This was about 1116, and by the year 1250, ten thousand students were attending the schools of the University, devoting themselves to philosophy, jurisprudence and medicine. A diploma from Bologna became at once "a passport to office throughout Christendom." As a matter of course, libraries and literary institutions were the outcome of this educational work, and women were quickened to new life in this studious and literary atmosphere.

"The public examination took place in the cathedral, before the dignitaries, the college of doctors, the students, the ecclesiastics, and the principal inhabitants of Bologna. The aspirant for the degree, before this notable assembly, was called upon to read a thesis, expound some knotty law point, and maintain and defend his or her explanation of it, against all disputants. If victorious in the contest, the degree of doctor, with the

cap and gown, was won and duly awarded." The records of the University show that many women won this degree, and were invested with its insignia.

"The legal schools of Bologna were so famous as to overshadow those established in other departments, but these also enjoyed great celebrity. Women won full degrees in medicine, and some were professors of anatomy.

"As far back as the thirteenth century, when the widely celebrated University numbered ten thousand students, many coming from England and Scotland, there were two women among its eminent professors,--Accorsa Accorso and Bettisia Gozzadini. The first filled the chair of philosophy, and was the daughter of the famous jurisconsult, Accorso, whose glossary of Roman law was, for years, authority with all European tribunals. Of Bettisia Gozzadini, it is related that she was created doctor of laws in 1236, and lectured publicly to the admiration of crowded audiences. "Mention is made by several writers of a very learned woman, who was also invested with the docter's degree, and wore the cap and gown, and who was a 'venerable woman' in 1354, Madonna Giovanna Buonsigniori by She was skilled in legal and philosophical lore, was accomplished in Latin and Greek, and discoursed in the German, Bohemian, Tuscan and Polish languages. The people of Bologna honor her name to this day.

name.

"Every one is familiar with the story of the beautiful and learned professor, Novella d' Andrea, daughter of the eminent jurisconsult, Giovanni d' Andrea, distinguished in the fourteenth century. Christine de Pisan, in her "La Cité des Dames," gives a quaint sketch of Novella, which, perchance, the author received from the father of the fair woman professor. 'Giovanni d' Andrea so much loved his good and beautiful daughter, named Novella, that he taught her letters and law, so that when he was occupied with any care, he might send her to sit in his chair and teach his pupils. And so fair was she that a little curtain had to be drawn in front of her, lest her beauty should cause the thoughts of her listeners to wander, and her instruction be of no avail to them. And in this manner she many times supplied her father's place, who loved her so much, that, to bequeath her name to posterity, he gave a famous lecture from one of his treatises on law which he called after her, "The Novella.' The pictures of Novella show that she possessed the beauty accorded her by fame."

We regret that space will not permit us to copy more of this interesting and instructive article.

ARGUMENTS AGAINST WOMAN SUFFRAGE, BY JOHN J. INGALLS, CAREFULLY EXAMINED AND COMPLETELY ANSWERED; BY D. P. LIVERMORE.— This is an exhaustive and complete refutation of Senator Ingall's Forum article, which, by the way, is the weakest effort the distinguished Senator ever made. The subject was a new one to him, and he had not sufficiently examined it. He made the most egregious mistakes of fact and of logic