tised.

Your hair has been cut. I cut

I cut my thumb. Idle boys will be despised. Evil communications corrupt good manners. Tie your brother's shoes. Ask no questions. Take your proper place. Sit in your own chair. Let him learn his lesson. Be advised by your friends. Shut the door. See the snow. Hear the winter wind blow.

Will your father come? Did the man kill the bear?

Can the horse jump over the fence?
Was the steamboat burned? Will

the stage be full? May I go to the door? Have you studied the book? Can you parse a verb?

If the Verb is in the Infinitive Mood,

8. Depends on (or is governed by) what word?

9. Rule.

If the Verb is defective, tell such of the above enumerated particulars as are applicable.

MODEL.

"A good man loves God."

Loves is a verb -a word by which something is affirmed; regular — it forms its past tense and perfect participle by adding ed-present love, past loved, participle loved; transitive — requires an object to complete the sense; active voice - the subject is represented as acting; indicative mood it simply declares a thing; present tense it expresses what takes place at the present time singular, I love, thou lovest, he loves; plural, we love, you love,

How do you parse a verb?

How do you parse a verb in the infinitive mood?-a defective verb?

they love; singular number and third person- because the subject (man) is, with which it agrees.

RULE V.-A verb agrees with its subject in number and person.

"John can write a letter." ·

Can write is a verb; irregular —its past tense and participle do not end in ed-present write, past wrote, participle written; transitive, etc.; active voice, etc.; potential mood--it asserts the power of performing an action; present tense, etc., etc.

[Better thus. See page 75, Note to Remark 9.]

Can is a verb, etc., defective it is used only in the present and past tenses; indicative mood, etc.; present tense, etc.; third person and singular number, etc., etc.

Write is a verb, etc.; infinitive mood

ing it to a subject; imperfect tense

-

it expresses action without limitit denotes an action not completed;

it depends on (or is governed by) the verb can.

RULE XII.-The infinitive mood may depend on a verb, an adjective, or a

noun.

"You should honor your parents."

Should honor is usually parsed as in the potential mood, past tense. It may be parsed, (as we think better,) thus:

Should is a verb; defective tenses; indicative mood

- it is used only in the present and past it simply declares a thing; past tense, used here to express a present obligation; third person, singular, etc. Honor is to be parsed in the same manner as write.

"Pompey was conquered by Cæsar."

Was conquered is a verb; transitive

it requires an

object to complete being acted upon;

the sense; passive voice · the subject is represe

indicative mood, etc.

PREPOSITION.

A preposition is a word which shows the relation between a noun or pronoun and some other word;

as,

"The hatred of vice;" "This book will be useful to John;" "He lives for glory;" "He acts consistently with his principles."

What is a preposition?

7

Here of shows the relation between vice and hatred; to, between John and useful; for, between glory and lives; with, between principles and consistently.

The preposition and the noun form what is called an adjunct; thus, of vice is an adjunct to hatred; to John is an adjunct to useful; for glory, tỏ lives; with his principles, to consistency.

The words that modify the noun are considered as belonging to the adjunct. In this sentence, "He lives in the greatest seclusion," in the greatest seclusion is an adjunct to lives.

The same word may have several adjuncts; thus, "The stream runs with rapidity past the house, under the fence, into the river;" that is,

Remarks. According, concerning, during, excepting, regarding, respecting and touching were originally participles, and they may sometimes still be construed as such in those constructions in which they are usually regarded as prepositions. Thus, in this sentence, "He lives according to nature," according may be considered a participle belonging to he. "He holds the property during life;" here during may be regarded as a participle belonging to life in the nominative absolute-life during; that is, while life dures or continues.

What do the preposition and the noun | Repeat the list of prepositions. form.

How many adjuncts may the same word

have?

What prepositions were originally participles?

Notwithstanding consists of the adverb not and the participle withstanding, which may be construed like during.

Except was originally a verb in the imperative mood; thus, "They all perished except one;" that is, take out one. The word save may also be parsed either as a verb or a preposition.

Some parse out of as two words-out as an adverb, and of as a preposition. But in the sense of except is sometimes used as a preposition; as,

"The boy stood on the burning deck,

Whence all but him had fled."-Hemans.

Some would say but he, and if but were what it was originally-the imperative mood, this construction would be correct; he would be nominative to but. But to consider but a conjunction makes an awkward construction, "Whence all had fled, but he had not fled." Butan is sometimes a preposition in Anglo-Saxon; as, "Butan wifum and cildum," without or besides women and children. Wifum and cildum are in the dative or ablative case.

Some of the words in the list are not always prepositions. See list of words used as different parts of speech.

When the objective case is omitted after prepositions, they are commonly called adverbs; thus, "He returned from his journey, and died soon after;" that is, after that time.

"The king of France with forty thousand men,

Marched up a hill, and then marched down again;"

that is, down the hill.

EXERCISES.

Between what words does each of the following prepositions show a relation?

He went from Boston. He went to Philadelphia. He went from Boston to Philadelphia. He gave [to] me his book. He gave his book to me. That is pleasant to me. Walk in the path of virtue. John rode on the horse. George is obedient to his parents. The love of money is the root of all evil. The book lies before him. The book lies on the table. The book lies before him on the table. He was my companion in adversity. In adversity he was my companion. He was plunged into new difficulties by this imprudence. By this imprudence Without the aid of

he was plunged into new difficulties.

charity, he supported himself with credit. Of his talents much might be said; concerning his integrity, nothing.

What is said of ercent and save?

What is said of but?

When the objective case is omitted what

is the preposition usually called?

Table for parsing a preposition.

1. What part of speech-and why?

2. Between what words does it show the relation?

3. Rule.

These sentences may now be parsed in full.

MODEL.

"He went from Boston to Philadelphia."

From is a preposition - it shows the relation between the noun Boston and the verb went.

RULE XIV.-A preposition shows the relation between a noun or pronoun and some other word.

To is a preposition - it shows the relation between the noun Philadelphia

and the verb went.

Boston is a proper noun, neuter gender, third person, singular, objective case-after the preposition from.

RULE X.-The object of a preposition is put in the objective case.

Ꭺ Ꭰ Ꮩ Ꭼ Ꭱ Ᏼ .

An adverb is a word used to modify or limit the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; as, "He acts cautiously;" "He is remarkably cautious;""He acts more cautiously."

Remarks.-1. An adverb is an abridged expression for an adjunct; thus, cautiously means in a cautious manner; remarkably means in a remarkable degree; and more means in a greater degree. So, here is equivalent to in this place; then, to at that time, etc.

2. In general we have adverbs for such adjuncts as would be most commonly used. Adverbs and adjuncts are often used indiscriminately to express the same modification.

EXERCISES.

Form sentences containing the following adverbs; tell for what adjuncts the adverbs stand, and what words they modify.

Justly, wisely, happily, diligently, agreeably, fashionably, beautifully, attentively, sweetly, gloriously, skillfully, carnestly.

How do you parse a preposition?

What is an adverb?

For what is an adverb an abridged ex

pression? For what kind of adjuncts are adverbs employed?