top of this rock, which runs parallel with the river. The east side is protected by the river St. Charles, which empties into the St. Lawrence, and in which were floating batteries and armed ships.

25. Wolf with an army of 8000 men, landed on the island of Orleans, just below the city. Soon after, he erected batteries on the bank of the St. Lawrence, opposite the city. But so wide was the river, that his cannon could not produce much effect upon the forts of the enemy. He now determined to cross the river, land below the city, and attack the French army which lay intrenched on the banks of the St. Charles. In this attempt he was defeated, with the loss of 500 men. He next attempted to destroy the shipping, but succeeded only in burning one magazine.

26. Wolf now saw that the difficulties to be encountered were almost insurmountable. But his daring spirit thirsted for the glory of victory, or death in the attempt. Hearing of the success of his fellow officers at Niagara and Ticonderoga, and dreading the disgrace of a failure in his enterprise, he determined to hazard the bold attempt of scaling the rock, and approach the enemy in a manner least expected. His troops had caught the fire of their leader, and were ready for the most daring exploit.

27. There was only one narrow spot between the rocks where it was possible to land and ascend the Heights. To conceal his design, Wolf sailed his fleet several miles up the river. In the night he set his army on board of boats, and floated down with the stream to the place of landing. Wolf was the first man on shore. His troops at once began to climb the rock, and by the aid of bushes and projecting crags they gained the summit. Here they found a guard, which they soon subdued, and before morning the whole army was arrayed on the plains above.

25, 26. Mention some of his attempts to take Quebec.
27. In what manner did he gain the Heights of Abraham ?

28. Montcalm, the French general, was amazed at this daring achievement, and immediately marched his army to meet the English. His troops were fresh and eager for battle. The Indians and Canadians first advanced, but Wolfe ordered his men to reserve their strength for the main body of the enemy. The battle was hot and bloody on both sides. After a destructive fire kept up for some time, Wolfe ordered his grenadiers to charge bayonet and rush upon the French. At this moment he received a mortal wound. Montcalm soon after fell, and the French gave way and fled.

29. Wolfe died in the triumphs of victory. In the first part of the battle he received a wound in the wrist; soon after, another more severe in the lower part of the body. Concealing his wounds, he cheered on his men, and was advancing at the head of his grenadiers, with charged bayonets, when a ball pierced his breast. As he fell he was caught by his attendant, and carried out of the line. As he lay fainting in death, with his head on the arm of another, "Tell me," said he, "do the enemy give way there? tell me, for I cannot see." He now reclined his head and closed his eyes. Soon the distant cry, "they fly, they fly," aroused the expiring hero. "Who fly?" said he. "The French, the French," was the reply. "Then," said he, "I die contented," and expired. Montcalm also died a glorious death. He was carried into the city, and before he died, he wrote a letter to the English general, in behalf of the French prisoners. Just before he breathed his last, he remarked, "I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec."

28. What did Montcalm then do? Describe the battle?

29. How many wounds did Wolfe receive? What were the last words of Wolfe? Of Montcalm ?

Louis Joseph Montcalm, Marquis of St. Vernon, was born in France, near Nismes, in 1712. He was carefully educated, and entered the military service in his 15th year, and distinguished himself on several occasions in Italy, Bohemia, and Germany. In 1756, he was sent to Canada as commander-inchief of the French forces in America. He possessed all those qualities requisite to form a great and skilful commander. He was brave, generous, noble, and compassionate. He died in the 47th year of his age.

30. The city, five days after the battle, was surrendered to the English. The next spring the French attempted to retake Quebec, but did not succeed. The English forces were soon after directed against Montreal. On the 8th September, 1760, that city, with all the important posts of the French in Canada, was delivered up to the English. In 1763, a treaty of peace was concluded at Paris, by which France relinquished all her claims in the northern parts of America. Thus ended the French war.

EVENTS LEADING TO THE REVOLUTION.

1. The success of this war against the French and Indians relieved the colonies from all apprehensions of a foreign invasion, and the dread of savage hostilities. They felt secure under the protection of Great Britain, she now being mistress of the ocean, and at peace with the world. The troops of the colonies, during the war, had had a fair opportunity of comparing their own skill, courage, and strength, with that of the bravest soldiers of Europe. They had proved themselves in no respect inferior in war, and by their enterprise and success in commerce and trade, they had already excited the admiration of the civilized world.

2. England for many years had been growing jealous of the colonies, and in several instances had endeavored to destroy their liberties. She now commenced a course of manifest injustice towards them, which, instead of humbling them, led them to combine all their energies

30. When was the city surrendered? When was Montreal taken? When was a treaty of peace concluded between France and England? What did the French relinquish ?

1. Of what were the colonists relieved by the successful termination of the French war? What is said of Great Britain at this time? How did the American troops compare with those of Europe? What is said of their enterprise in commerce?

2. How did England feel towards the colonies? How did she begin to treat them?

to resist her oppression. England regarded the colonists not as entitled to the privileges of subjects, but rather as slaves, who were to toil and suffer for her ag grandizement. She had, indeed, been at great expense to defend them against the encroachments of the French and Indians; but for all this, she either had been, or soon would have been, amply rewarded.

3. Soon after the war, the British government asserted the right to tax the people of America. In 1764, a bill was passed, imposing a heavy duty on certain goods imported into the colonies. The principle of taxation was considered by the Americans as altogether unconstitutional and unjust. They were not permitted to send representatives to parliament to plead their cause; and therefore, according to the English law, they could not be justly taxed.

4. The next year the celebrated " stamp act" was passed. This bill required that every piece of paper or parchment, which was used in the transaction of business, should have a stamp upon it, and that for every such piece, a tax greater or less, should be paid to government. This bill was very strongly opposed by some members of parliament, especially by Colonel Bane, who, knowing the spirit of the colonists, made an eloquent speech against it. But it passed by an almost unanimous vote.

5. When the news arrived in America, the people were filled with grief and indignation. Riots broke out in the cities, and the stamp act was exhibited as "the folly of England and the ruin of America." The bells were muffled, and tolled "the knell of freedom." Combinations styling themselves "sons of liberty," were formed to resist the enforcement of this obnoxious law. The general assemblies protested against it; addresses and appeals were made to the people of Eng

3. What right did the British government claim soon after the war? What did they do in 1764?

4. What famous act was passed in 1765 ?

5. What effect had the "stamp act" on the colonies? What did the people do ?

land, showing the injustice of the law, and praying that it might be repealed. The officers of the British government were objects of popular hatred, and most of them were compelled to disregard the stamp law, or resign their offices.

6. In October, agreeably to a recommendation of Massachusetts, delegates from nine of the colonies met in congress at New-York, to consult for the general safety. They passed an act, declaring their rights and liberties as lawful subjects of Great Britain. They remonstrated against the stamp act, and petitioned for its immediate repeal. The merchants of that city entered into agreement not to import any more goods from England, till the stamp act was repealed. In all parts of the country the people gave up imported goods, and used home manufactures. They even abstained from eating lamb, that the growth of wool might be increased.

7. But a change had now taken place in England. The people of that country began to feel the bad effects of this check upon their trade with America, and a proposition was made in parliament to repeal the stamp act. William Pitt, who was not present when the act was passed, made a powerful speech in favor of repealing it. He declared that England had "no right" to

6. When and where was the first congress, or general meeting of the colonies held? Which of the colonies sent delegates? A. Massachusetts, Rhode-Island, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and South Carolina. What did they do? To what extent was the stamp act opposed? A. Probably not a single stamp was ever used in the colonies.

7. Was there any opposition to the stamp act in England? A. There was. Many articles were written and published, showing the injustice of the act. Many speakers in both houses of parliament, denied their right of taxing the colonies. Lord Camden, in the house of Lords, in strong language, said ;-"My position is this,-I repeat it, I will maintain it to my last hour, TAXATION AND REPRESENTATION ARE INSEPARABLE. This position is founded on the laws of nature. It is more. It is itself an eternal law of nature. For whatever is a man's own, is absolutely his own. No man has a right to take it from him without his own consent. Whoever attempts to do it, attempts an injury. Whoever does it, commits a robbery." What did Wm. Pitt say? Was the act repealed? What effect had this news no the colonies?