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7. The supervision of the public schools shall be vested in a Superintendent of Education, whose powers, duties, term of office and compensation shall be fixed by law. The Superintendent of Education shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State in such manner and at such time as shall be provided by law.

8. No money raised for the support of the public schools of the State, shall be appropriated to or used for the support of any sectarian or denominational school.

9. The State University and the Agricultural and Mechanical College shall each be under the management and control of a Board of Trustees. The board for the university shall consist of two members from the congressional district in which the university is located, and one from each of the other congressional districts in the State. The board for the Agricultural and Mechanical College shall consist of two members from the congressional district in which the college is located, and on from each of the other congressional districts in the State Said trustees shall be appointed by the Governor, by and wit the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall hold office fo a term of six years, and until their successors shall be appointe and qualified. After the first appointment each board sha be divided into three classes, as nearly equal as may be. T seats of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of tv years, and those of the second class in four years, and those the third class at the end of six years from the date of appoi ment, so that one-third may be chosen biennially. No trust shall receive any pay or emolument other than his act expenses incurred in the discharge of his duties as such. Governor shall be ex officio president and the Superintend of Education ex officio a member of each of said Boards Trustees.

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10. The General Assembly shall have no power to change location of the State University or the Agricultural and Mech cal College as now established by law, except upon a vote of thirds of the General Assembly, taken by yeas and nays entered upon the journals.

11. The provisions of this article and of any act of the eral Assembly passed in pursuance thereof to establish, orga or maintain a system of public schools throughout the S

shall apply to Mobile county only so far as to authorize and require the authorities designated by law to draw the portion of the funds to which said county shall be entitled for school purposes, and to make reports to the Superintendent of Education as may be prescribed by law. And all special incomes and powers of taxation, as now authorized by law for the benefit of public schools in said county, shall remain undisturbed until otherwise provided by the General Assembly: Provided, That separate schools for each race shall always be maintained by said school authorities.

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1. Corporations may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special act, except for municipal, manufacturing, mining, immigration, industrial and educational purposes, or for constructing canals, or improving navigable rivers and harbors of this State, and in cases, where in the judgment of the General Assembly, the objects of the corporation cannot be attained under the general laws. All general laws and special acts passed pursuant to this section may be altered, amended and repealed.

2. All existing charters or grants of special or exclusive privileges under which a bona fide organization shall not have taken place and business been commenced in good faith, at the time of the ratification of this Constitution, shall thereafter have no validity.

3. The General Assembly shall not remit the forfeiture of the charter of any corporation now existing, or alter or amend the same, or pass any general or special law for the benefit of such corporation, other than in execution of a trust created by law or by contract, except upon the condition that such corporation shall thereafter hold its charter subject to the provisions of this Constitution.

4. No foreign corporation shall do any business in this State without having at least one known place of business and an authorized agent or agents therein, and such corporation may be sued in any county where it does business by service of process upon an agent anywhere in this State.

5. No corporation shall engage in any business other than that expressly authorized in its charter.

6. No corporation shall issue stock or bonds except for money, labor done, or money or property actually received; and all fictitious increase of stock or indebtedness shall be void. The stock and bonded indebtedness of corporations shall not be increased, except in pursuance of general laws, nor without the consent of the persons holding the larger amount in value of stock, first obtained at a meeting to be held after thirty days' notice given in pursuance of law.

7. Municipal and other corporations and individuals invested with the privilege of taking private property for public use, shall make just compensation for the property taken, injured or destroyed by the construction or enlargement of its works. highways or improvements, which compensation shall be paid before such taking, injury or destruction. The General Assem bly is hereby prohibited from depriving any person of an appea from any perliminary assessment of damages against any suc] corporations or individuals made by viewers or otherwise; an the amount of such damages in all cases of appeal shall, on th demand of either party, be determined by a jury according t law.

8. Dues from private corporations shall be secured by suc means as may be prescribed by law, but in no case shall ar stockholder be individually liable otherwise than for the unpa stock owned by him or her.

9. No corporation shall issue preferred stock without the co sent of the owners of two-thirds of the stock of said corporati 10. The General Assembly shall have the power to alt revoke or amend any charter of incorporation now existing, a revocable at the ratification of this Constitution, or any t may hereafer be created, whenever, in their opinion, it may injurious to the citizens of this State, in such manner, howe that no injustice shall be done to the incorporators. hereafter enacted shall create, renew or extend the cha of more than one corporation.

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11. Any association or corporation organized for the purp or any individual shall have the right to construct and main lines of telegraph within this State, and connect the same other lines, and the General Assembly shall, by general la

uniform operation, provide reasonable regulations to give full effect to this section. No telegraph company shall consolidate with or hold a controlling interest in the stock or bonds of any other telegraph company owning a competing line, or acquire, by purchase or otherwise, any other competing line of telegraph. 12. All corporations shall have the right to sue, and shall be subject to be sued, in all courts in like cases as natural persons.

13. The term corporation, as used in this article, shall be construed to include all joint stock companies, or any associations having any of the powers or privileges of corporations not possessed by individuals or partnerships.

Banks and Banking.

14. The General Assembly shall not have the power to establish or incorporate any bank or banking company, or moneyed institution, for the purpose of issuing bills of credit, or bills payable to order or bearer, except under the conditions prescribed in this Constitution.

15. No banks shall be established otherwise than under a general banking law, nor otherwise than on a specie basis.

16. All bills or notes issued as money, shall be at all times redeemable in gold or silver, and no law shall be passed sanctioning, directly or indirectly, the suspension of any bank or banking company of specie payment.

17. Holders of bank notes and depositors who have not stipulated for interest, shall, for such notes and deposits, be entitled in case of insolvency, to the preference of payment over all other creditors.

18. Every bank or banking company shall be required to cease all banking operations within twenty years from the time of its organization, (unless the General Assembly shall extend the time,) and promptly thereafter close its business; but shall have corporate capacity to sue and shall be liable to suit until its affairs and liabilities are fully closed.

19. No bank shall receive directly or indirectly, a greater rate of interest than shall be allowed by law to individuals for lending money.

20. The State shall not be a stockholder in any bank, nor shall the credit of the State ever be given, or loaned, to any banking company, association or corporation.

Railroads and Canals.

21. All railroads and canals shall be public highways, and all railroad and canal companies shall be common carriers. Any association or corporation organized for the purpose shall have the right to construct and operate a railroad between any points in this State, and connect at the State line, with railroads of other States. Every railroad company shall have the right with its road to intersect, connect with, or cross any other railroad, and shall receive and transport, each, the others freight, passengers and cars, loaded or empty, without delay or discrimination.

22. The General Assembly shall pass laws to correct abuses and prevent unjust discrimination and extortion in the rates of freights and passenger tariffs on railroads, canals and rivers in this State.

23. No railroad or other transportation company shall grant free passes, or sell tickets or passes at a discount other than as sold to the public generally, to any member of the General Assembly, or to any person holding office under this State or the United States.

24. No street passenger railway shall be constructed within the limits of any city or town, without the consent of its local authorities.

25. No railroad, canal or other transportation company in existence at the time of the ratification of this Constitution, shall have the benefit of any future legislation, by general or special laws, other than in execution of a trust created by law or by contract, except on the condition of complete acceptance of all provisions of this article.

ARTICLE XV.
Oath of Office.

1. All members of the General Assembly, and all officers, executive and judicial, before they enter upon the execution of the duties of their respective offices, shall take the following oath or affirmation, to wit:

"I,

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solemnly swear, (or affirm, as the case may be) that I will support the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of Alabama, so long as I continue a

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