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tive, legislative and judicial departments of the government, to pay interest on State bonds, and to support the common schools. All other appropriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject. Legislation shall not be engrafted on appropriation bills, but the same may prescribe the conditions on which the money may be drawn, and for what purposes paid. Sec. 70. No revenue bill nor any bill providing for assessments of property for taxation, shall become a law, except by a vote of at least three-fifths of the members of each house present, and voting.

Sec. 71. Every bill introduced into the Legislature shall have a title, and the title ought to indicate clearly the subject matter, or matters, of the proposed legislation. Each committee to which a bill may be referred, shall express in writing its judgment of the sufficiency of the title of the bill, and this, too, whether the recommendation be that the bill do pass, or do not pass.

Sec. 72. Every bill which shall pass both Houses shall be presented to the Governor of the State. If he approve, he shall sign it, but if he does not approve, he shall return it, with his objection, to the House in which it originated, which shall enter the objections at large upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other House, by which, likewise, it shall be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law; but in all such cases, the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for, and against the bill, shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor, within five days (Sunday excepted), after it has been presented to him, it shall become a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Legislature, by adjournment, prevent its return; in which case it shall be a law unless sent back within three days after the beginning of the next session of the Legislature. No bill shall be approved when the Legisla ture is not in session.

Sec. 73. The Governor may veto parts of any appropriation bill, and approve parts of the same, and the portions approved shall be law.

Sec. 74. No bill shall become a law until it shall have been referred to a committee of each House and returned therefrom with a recommendation in writing.

Sec. 75. No law of a general nature, unless therein otherwise provided, shall be enforced until sixty days after its passage.

Sec. 76. In all elections by the Legislature the members shall vote viva voce, and the votes shall be entered on the journals.

Sec. 77. The Governor shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies as may occur in either House of the Legislature, and the persons therupon chosen shall hold their seats for the unexpired term.

Injunctions.

Sec. 78. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to regulate by law the cases in which deductions shall be made from salaries of public officers, for neglect of official duty and the amount of said deduction.

Sec. 79. The Legislature shall provide by law for the sale of all delinquent tax lands. The courts shall apply the same liberal principles in favor of such titles as in sale by executions. The right of redemption from all sales of real estate, for the nonpayment of taxes, or special assessments, of any and every character whatsoever, shall exist, on conditions to be prescribed by law, in favor of owners and persons interested in such real estate, for a period of not less than two years.

Sec. 80. Provision shall be made by general laws to prevent the abuse by cities, towns and other municipal corporations of their powers of assessment, taxation, borrowing money and contracting debts.

Sec. 81. The Legislature shall never authorize the permanent obstruction of any of the navigable waters of this State; but may provide for the removal of such obstructions as now exist, whenever the public welfare demands; this section shall not prevent the construction, under proper authority, of draw-bridges for railroads, or other roads, nor the construction of "booms and chutes" for logs in such manner as not to prevent the safe passage of vessels, or logs, under regulations to be provided by law.

Sec. 82. The Legislature shall fix the amount of the penalty of all official bonds, and may, as far as practicable, provide that the whole or a part of the security required for the faithful

discharge of official duty shall be made by some guarantee company or companies.

Sec. 83. The Legislature shall enact laws to secure the safety of persons from fires in hotels, theatres and other public places of resort.

Sec. 84. The Legislature shall enact laws to limit, restrict or prevent the acquiring and holding of land in this State by nonresident aliens, and may limit or restrict the acquiring or holding of lands by corporations.

Sec. 85. The Legislature shall provide by general law for the working of public roads by contract or by county prisoners, or both. Such law may be put in operation only by a vote of the board of supervisors in those counties where it may be desirable.

Sec. 86. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide by law for the treatment and care of the insane; and the Legislature may provide for the care of the indigent sick in the hospitals in the State.

Local Legislation.

Sec. 87. No special or local law shall be enacted for the benefit of individuals or corporations, in cases which are, or can be provided for by general law, or where the relief sought can be given by any court of this State; nor shall the operation of any general law be suspended by the Legislature for the benefit of any individual or private corporation or association, and in all cases where a general law can be made applicable, and would be advantageous, no special law shall be enacted.

Sec. 88. The Legislature shall pass general laws, under which local and private interests shall be provided for and protected, and under which cities and towns may be chartered and their charters amended, and under which corporations may be created, organized, and their acts of incorporation altered; and all such laws shall be subject to repeal or amendment.

Sec. 89. There shall be appointed in each House of the Legislature a standing committee on local and private legisla tion; the House committee to consist of seven representatives, and the Senate committee, of five Senators. No local or private bill shall be passed by either House until it shall have been referred to said committee thereof, and shall have been reported back with a recommendation in writing that it do pass, stating affirmatively the reasons therefor, and why the end to be accom

plished should not be reached by a general law, or by a proceeding in court; or if the recommendation of the committee be that the bill do not pass, then it shall not pass the House to which it is so reported unless it be voted for by a majority of all the members elected thereto. If a bill is passed in conformity to the requirements hereof, other than such as are prohibited in the next section, the courts shall not, because of its local, special or private nature, refuse to enforce it.

Sec. 90. The Legislature shall not pass local, private or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, but such matters shall be provided for only by general laws, viz.:

(a) Granting divorces.

(b) Changing the names of persons, places or corporations. (c) Providing for changes of venue in civil and criminal

cases.

(d) Regulating the rate of interest on money.

(e) Concerning the settlement or administration of any estate, or the sale or mortgage of any property, of any infant, or of a person of unsound mind, or of any deceased person.

(f) The removal of the disability of infancy.

(g) Granting to any person, corporation or association the right to have any ferry, bridge, road or fish-trap.

(h) Exemption of property from taxation, or from levy or sale.

(i) Providing for the adoption or legitimation of children. (j) Changing the law of descent and distribution.

(k) Exempting any person from jury, road, or other civil duty (and no person shall be exempted therefrom by force of any local or private law.)

(1) Laying out, opening, altering and working roads and highways.

(m) Vacating any road or highway, town plat, street, alley or public grounds.

(n) Selecting, drawing, summoning or empaneling grand or petit juries.

(0) Creating, increasing, or decreasing the fees, salary or emoluments of any public officer.

(p) Providing for the management or support of any private or common school, incorporating the same or granting such school any privileges.

(q) Relating to stock laws, water courses and fences.

(r) Conferring the power to exercise the right of eminent domain, or granting to any person, corporation, or association the right to lay down railroad tracks, or street car tracks, in any other manner than that prescribed by general law.

(s) Regulating the practice in courts of justice.

(t) Providing for the creation of districts for the election of justices of the peace and constables.

(u) Granting any lands under control of the State to any person or corporation.

Prohibition.

Sec. 91. The Legislature shall not enact any law for one or more counties, not applicable to all the counties in the State, increasing the uniform charge for the registration of deeds, or regulating costs and charges and fees of officers.

Sec. 92. The Legislature shall not authorize payment to any person of the salary of a deceased officer beyond the date of his death.

Sec. 93. The Legislature shall not retire any officer on pay, or part pay, or make any grant to such retiring officer.

Sec. 94. The Legislature shall never create by law any distinction between the rights of men and women to acquire, own, enjoy, and dispose of property of all kinds, or their power to contract in reference thereto. Married women are hereby fully emancipated from all disability on account of coverture. But this shall not prevent the Legislature from regulating contracts between husband and wife; nor shall the Legislature be prevented from regulating the sale of homesteads.

Sec. 95. Lands belonging to, or under the control of the State, shall never be donated directly, or indirectly, to private corporations or individuals, or to railroad companies. Nor shall such land be sold to corporations or associations for a less price than that for which it is subject to sale to individuals. This, however, shall not prevent the Legislature from granting a right of way, not exceeding one hundred feet in width, as a mere easement, to railroads across State land, and the Legislature shall never dispose of the land covered by said right of way so long as such easement exists.

Sec. 96. The Legislature shall never grant extra compensation, fee or allowance, to any public officer, agent, servant or contractor, after service rendered, or contract made, nor authorize payment, or part payment, of any claim under any contract,

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