a particular peace: that as to the place, he thought Paris to be the most convenient, as Spain had here already an embassador, and the American commissioners could easily be assembled there. This upon a supposition of the parties treating directly with each other, without the intervention of mediators; but if the mediation was to be used, it might be at Vienna. The king, his master, however, was so truly disposed to peace, that he would agree to any place that the king of England should choose, and would at the treaty give proof of the confidence that might be placed in any engagement he should then enter into, by the fidelity and exactitude with which he should observe those already had with his present allies. Mr. Oswald is returned, with these general answers, by the way of Calais, and expects to be here again in a few days. I wish it might be convenient for you and Mr. Adams to be here at the same time; but if the present critical situation of affairs there, makes his being in Holland necessary just now, I hope you may nevertheless be here, bringing with you his opinion and advice. I have proposed to lord Shelburne to discharge you from the obligations you entered into at the time of your enlargement, that you may act more freely in the treaty he desires. I had done myself the honor of writing to you a few days before the arrival of Mr. Oswald. My letter went by Mr. Young, your secretary, and enclosed a copy of our commission, with an offer of money if you had occasion for any. Hoping that you will not return to England before you have been at Paris, I forbear enlarging on the state of our affairs here and Spain. M. de Vergennes told me, he should be very glad to see you here. I found Mr. Oswald to answer perfectly the character you gave me of him, and was much pleased with him.

I have the honor to be, &c.

B. FRANKLIN.

Just after I had dispatched these letters, I received the following from Mr. Adams.

Amsterdam, April 16, 1782.

SIR, Yesterday noon Mr. William Vaughan, of London, came to my house with Mr. Laurens, the son of the president; and brought me a line from the latter, and told me that the president was at Haerlem, and desired to see me; I went to Haerlem, and found my old friend at the Golden Lion.

He told me that he was come partly for his health and the pleasure of seeing me, and partly to converse with me, and see if he had at present just ideas and views of things, at least to see if we agreed in sentiment, and having been desired by several of the new ministry to do so.

I asked him if he was at liberty: he said no, that he was still under parole, but at liberty to say what he pleased to

me.

I told him I could not communicate to him, being a prisoner, even his own instructions, nor enter into any consultation with him as one of our colleagues in the commission for peace; that all I should say to him would be as one private citizen conversing with another, but that upon all such occasions, I should reserve a right to communicate whatever should pass to our colleagues and allies.

He said that lord Shelburne and others of the new ministry, were anxious to know whether there was any authority to treat of a separate peace, and whether there could be an accommodation upon any terms short of independence, that he had ever answered them that nothing short of an express or tacit acknowlegement of our independence, in his opinion would ever be accepted, and that no treaty ever would or could be made separate from France. He asked me if his answers had been right; I told him I was fully of that opinion.

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He said that the new ministers had received port, but his character was such that they did not choose to depend upon it; that a person by the name of Oswald, I think, set off for Paris to see you, about the same time that he came away to see me.

I desired him, between him and me, to consider without saying any thing of it to the ministry, whether we could ever have a real peace, with Canada or Nova Scotia in the hands of the English: and whether we ought not to insist at least upon a stipulation that they should keep no standing army or regular troops, nor erect any fortifications upon the frontiers of either. That at present, I saw no motive that we had to be anxious for a peace, and that if the nation was not ripe for it upon proper terms, we might wait tiently until they should be so.

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I found the old gentleman perfectly sound in his system of politics; he has a very poor opinion both of the integrity and abilities of the new ministry, as well as of the old. He thinks they know not what they are about: that they are spoiled by the same insincerity, duplicity, falsehood, and corruption with the former. Lord Shelburne, still flatters the king with ideas of conciliation and separate peace; yet the nation and the best men in it, are for universal peace, and an express acknowlegement of American independence; and many of the best are for giving up Canada and Nova Scotia.

His design seemed to be solely to know how far.. report was true. After an hour or two of conversation, I returned to Amsterdam and left him to return to London.

These are all but artifices to raise the stocks, and if you think of any method to put a stop to them, I will cheerfully concur with you. They now know sufficiently that our commission is to treat of a general peace, and with persons vested with equal powers, and if you agree to it I will never wish to see another messenger that is not a plenipotentiary.

It is expected that the seventh province, Guelderland, will this day acknowlege American independence. I think we are in such a situation now, that we ought not upon any consideration, think of a truce or any thing short of the express acknowlegement of the sovereignty of the United States.

I should be glad, however, to know your sentiments upon

this point.

I have the honor to be, &c.

JOHN ADAMS.

To the above, I immediately wrote the following answer: Passy, April 21, 1782.

SIR,

I HAVE just received the honor of yours, dated the 16th instant, acquainting me with the interview between your excellency and Mr. Laurens. I am glad to learn that his political sentiments coincide with ours, and that there is a disposition in England to give us up Canada and Nova Scotia.

I like your idea of seeing no more messengers that are not plenipotentiaries; but I cannot refuse seeing again Mr. Oswald, as the minister here considered the letter to me from lord Shelburne, as a kind of authentication given to that messenger, and expects his return with some explicit propositions. I shall keep you advised of what passes.

The late act of parliament for exchanging American prisoners as prisoners of war, according to the law of nations, any thing in their commitments notwithstanding, seems to me a renunciation of their pretensions to try our people as subjects guilty of high treason, and to be a kind of tacit acknowlegment of our independency. Having taken this step, it will be less difficult for them to acknowlege it expressly. They are now preparing transports to send the prisoners home. I yesterday sent the passports desired of

me.

Sir George Grand, shews me a letter from Mr. Fizeaux, in which he says, that if advantage is taken of the present enthusiam in favor of America, a loan might be obtained in Holland of five or six millions of florins for America; and if their house is employed to open it, he has no doubt of success; but that no time is to be lost. I earnestly recommend this matter to you as extremely necessary to the operations of our financier, Mr. Morris, who, not knowing

that the greatest part of the last five millions has been consumed by purchase of goods, &c. in Europe, writes me advice of large drafts that he shall be obliged to make upon me this summer. This court has granted us six millions of livres for the current year, but it will fall vastly short of our occasions: there being large orders to fulfil, and near two millions and an half to pay Mr. Beaumarchais, besides the interest bills, &c. The house of Fizeaux and Grand, is now appointed banker for France, by a special commission from the king, and will on that as well as other accounts, be in my opinion, the fittest for this operation. Your excellency being on the spot, can better judge of the terms, &c. and manage with that house the whole business, in which I shall be glad to have no other concern than that of receiving assistance from it when pressed by the dreaded drafts.

With great respect, I am, &c.

B. FRANKLIN.

In reply to this, Mr. Adams wrote me as follows:

SIR,

Amsterdam, May 2, 1782.

I AM honored with your favor of the 20th April, and Mr. Laurens's son proposes to carry the letter to his father forthwith. The instructions by the courier from Versailles came safe as all other dispatches by that channel no doubt will do. The correspondence with Mr. Hartly, I received by captain Smedley, and will take the first good opportunity by a private hand to return it, as well as that with the E. of S.

Mr. Laurens and Mr. Jay, will, I hope, be able to meet at Paris; but when it will be in my power to go I know not. Your present negociation about peace, falls in very well to aid a proposition which I am instructed to make as soon as the court of Versailles shall judge proper, of a triple or quadruple alliance. This matter, the treaty of commerce, which is now under deliberation, and the loan, will render it improper for me to quit the station, unless in case of ne