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§ 205. "The subject is either simple or compound." § 206. A simple subject is a single noun or a word that supplies its place, either alone or variously modified; as, "The earth is round;" "A virtuous man is always worthy of trust."

$207. "A compound subject consists of two or more simple subjects to which one predicate belongs;" as," Virtue and happiness are inseparably connected."

SUBJECT MODIFIED.

208. The grammatical subject is modified by words that describe, explain, limit, or in any way affect its meaning.

$209. The grammatical subject is modified as follows:

1. By a noun in apposition, used to explain or describe it; as, "Luther, the reformer;" "Cicero, the orator."

2. By a noun sustaining a relation to it expressed by a preposition; as, "A man of wisdom seldom acts foolishly."

3. By an adjective, participle, and participial adjective; as, "A wise child honoreth his parents;" "The ruling principle of the heart, is selfishness;" "A mind never yielding to circumstances, must be powerful."

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4. By a noun or pronoun in the possessive case; as, "The child's health should be consulted;" I know whose voice was pleasant.

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5. By a relative pronoun and the clause connected with it; "The man who is industrious, seldom comes to want." 6. By the definite and indefinite articles; as, "The sun is bright;" "A halo of glory was around him." The definition of the articles shows that they modify the words to which they belong.

$ 210. The grammatical subject is modified directly or indirectly; directly, when the modifying terms ex

FIRST COURSE.

What further division of the subject is made? What is a simple subject? Compound? How is the grammatical subject modified? Mention the six ways in which a grammatical subject is modified. How else is the grammatical subject modified?

plain, limit or describe the subject; indirectly, when they modify another term which modifies the subject; as, "A very diligent student seldom fails of success." Here very modifies directly diligent, and indirectly student.

REM. 1. Several clauses sometimes modify the same subject either directly or indirectly.

REM. 2. A noun or pronoun in the possessive case as specified above.

REM. 3. An adjective modifying a noun may itself be modified as follows:

1. By an adverb; as, Very much depends on the impressions of childhood."

2. By a noun in the objective case; as, "Many are fond of applause."

3. By a verb in the infinitive mode; as, "A man of integrity is worthy to be trusted."

REM. 4. A participle modifying a subject may be modified, 1. By a noun in the objective case; as, "Washington having freed his country from oppression, resigned his commission."

2. By an infinitive; as, “A man laboring to withstand the enticements of pleasure, will share in the sympathy of the benevolent."

3. By an adverb; as, "Watching diligently the hour of arrival, he waits with painful anxiety for his expected friend." REM. 5. An adverb may be modified,

1. By another adverb; as, "He acts more openly."

2. By a noun; as, "Many do not act agreeably to their professions."

REM. 6. The case absolute, denoting the person addressed, and designed to arouse his attention, does not appear to form a part either of the subject or predicate of the proposition with which it stands connected, but a separate part of the sentence, which may be called the compellative; as, "My lords, this measure will greatly benefit the nation.' The

SECOND COURSE.

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May several clauses modify the same subject? Mention the three ways in which an adjective, modifying a noun, may itself be modified. Mention the three methods in which a participle, modifying a subject, may be modified. How may an adverb be modified?

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compellative often limits a pronoun in the subject or predicate; as, "Come thou to me, my son;" "I love thee, O my country." REM. 7. When a noun and participle are put in the case absolute, the noun may be regarded as the subject, and the participle the predicate, since such a construction can always be resolved into a regular proposition. See Rule 4th, Rem. 1 and 2, § 233.

PREDICATE.

§ 211. The predicate, like the subject, is either grammatical or logical.

§ 212. The grammatical predicate consists of a verb alone; as, "Years fly away."

§ 213. The logical predicate consists of the grammatical predicate with its various modifying terms; as, "Johnson was the author of an English Lexicon." REMARK. If the grammatical predicate has no modifying term, it is the same as the logical predicate.

§ 214. The predicate, also, like the subject, is either simple or compound.

§ 215. A simple predicate consists of one finite verb; as, All men must die;" "The ocean rolls.”

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§ 216. A compound predicate consists of two or more simple predicates belonging to the same subject or subjects; as, "Sin vitiates and debases the soul;" "Virtue exalts and ennobles the mind."

PREDICATE MODIFIED.

§ 217. A grammatical predicate is modified as follows:

1. By a noun or pronoun in the objective case; as, “A prudent man foreseeth the evil and hideth himself."

FIRST COURSE.

How is the predicate divided? What is the grammatical predicate? The logical? What other division of the predicate is made? What is a simple predicate? A compound? How is the grammatical predicate modified? Mention the five methods.

SECOND COURSE.

Can the grammatical predicate be modified?

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2. By a verb in the infinitive mode; as, He desires to learn."

3. By an adjective; as, "Life is short." Here short, coming after the verb, gives the preposition a different meaning from what would be expressed by it in the following arrange ment; "Short life is." The adjective short modifies the verb. So in the preposition, "The earth is round," place the adjective round before the subject earth, and the proposition becomes a new one. In the proposition "the round earth is," simply the existence of the round earth is affirmed; but in the proposition, "The earth is round," the figure of the earth is specifically affirmed. It is on the principle stated above that we must regard an adjective, when it follows the verb, and modifies it, as an adverbial adjective. For the proposition, "The earth is round," denotes the same as the proposition, "The earth is of a globular form;" and it must be obvious to all, that it is modified by the words globular form, that follow it. If, then, a noun and adjective having the same import as the adjective round, modify the grammatical predicate, why may not the adjective? It doubtless modifies is directly, and through is the subject of the verb.

4. By a noun in apposition with the subject when it follows an active intransitive, neuter or passive verb; as, Victoria walks queen of England." Here queen qualifies walks, by expressing in what capacity she walks. The propositions, "Victoria walks queen of England," and, "Victoria, the queen of England walks," are very different. "God is the author of all things." This proposition affirms that all things were created by God. But the proposition, “God the author of all things is," affirms particularly the existence of God, the author of all things. Similar remarks are applicable to the proposition, "The child was called John.”

5. By adverbs; as, "Newton pursued his investigations patiently," "Death often comes suddenly."

REMARK. The terms that modify the predicate may also be modified according to the rules given for the modification of the subject.

SECOND COURSE.

How may the terms that modify the predicate, be modified?

GRAMMATICAL AND LOGICAL CONNECTION.

§ 218. Words and propositions are connected either grammatically or logically.

$219. Grammatical connection is that which is expressed by conjunctions between verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs, which are in the same construction.

$220. The logical connection is that which exists between the ideas denoted by two or more propositions, the terms of which may be wholly or partially expressed.

REMARK 1. The logical connection refers not only to that which exists between propositions of like regimen, but to all that are expressed by connective particles, whether the construction of propositions be like or unlike.

REM. 2. The power of conjunctions consists not only in uniting propositions and words, but in greatly abbreviating sentences, as displayed in the illustrations of the grammatical and logical connection below.

221. The grammatical and logical connection may be illustrated as follows:

1. By the connection of two or more verbs of like modes and tenses, having but one subject; as, "Vice vitiates and debases the mind.' This is the grammatical connection. The following is the logical connection: Vice vitiates the mind, and vice debases the mind.

2. By two or more nouns which are the subjects of one verb; as, "Anxiety and care weary the mind." And here connects, grammatically, care and anxiety; but logically, the two propositions, care wearies the mind, and anxiety wearies the mind.

FIRST COURSE.

How are words connected? What is grammatical connection? Logical connection? Repeat the six different ways in which the grammatical connection may be illustrated.

SECOND COURSE.

To what does the logical connection refer? In what does the power of conjunctions consist?

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