death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor things present, nor things to come, nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God."

REMARK 1. In poetry or is used instead of either corresponding with or, for the convenience of measure; as,

"The dam assiduous sets,

Not to be tempted from her task

Or [either] by sharp hunger or by smooth delight."

REM. 2. Nor is used frequently in like manner; as,

"Again he comes; nor dart nor lance avail,

Nor the wild plunging of the tortured horse;
Though man and man's avenging arms assail,
Vain are his weapons, vainer is his force."

Childe Harold, Canto I., Stanza 77.

REM. 3. Neither and nor denote both connection and negation, and either of them may be placed before the first of two nouns, pronouns, or adjectives, to mark the distinction more forcibly; as, "Neither fear nor hope could influence him."

§ 185. Adversative conjunctions express opposition, as, but, notwithstanding, nevertheless, yet, still.

REMARK 1. But, regarded as a connective, usually denotes opposition.

REM. 2. Yet and still are conjunctions when they denote connection of thought, and adverbs when they express relation of time.

§ 186. Conditional conjunctions denote suspension or doubt; as, if, though, although, unless, except, perhaps, peradventure, lest, whether, provided that.

REMARK 1. But and that may sometimes be used together as one conjunction, but commonly either the one or the other is superfluous, or a proposition should be understood between

FIRST COURSE.

What is an adversative conjunction? Conditional?

SECOND COURSE.

In poetry, how is or used? are yet and still conjunctions?

Nor? What does but denote? When
State the substance of Rem. 1, § 186.

them; as, "I do not doubt but that he will go." In this example but is useless. Also as and if, when they occur together, should not be parsed together as a compound conjunction, but generally require a proposition to be understood between them, and as construed as a connective adverb, and if as a conditional conjunction; as, "He conducted as if he were infatuated." In this example, understand, between as and if, he would have conducted, and the construction will be apparent, "He conducted as he would have conducted if he were infatuated." No two particles should be construed as a compound conjunction, which will allow a word or proposition to be understood between them, and preserve the sense.

§ 187. Causal conjunctions denote cause or reason; as, for, because, as, since, whereas, seeing that, forasmuch as, inasmuch as.

REMARK 1. As and since are causal conjunctions when they denote cause.

REM. 2. For and that sometimes occur together, and are construed as a causal conjunction.

$188. Final conjunctions denote purpose, object, or result of a preceding proposition; as, that, so that, therefore, wherefore, and now and then when they denote a connection of thought between the preceding and subsequent propositions.

REMARK 1. When so that occur together, sometimes the particle so is taken as an adverb, and qualifies a word in the preceding proposition; as, "Common sense, I say again, would combine practice with theory so (in such a manner) that the teacher, knowing the conformity between thought and vocal language, may not only express this conformity by his own voice, but explain it to his pupils. So here is an adverb of manner, and modifies combine."-Porter's Rhet. Read. REM. 2. When so and that occur together, and simply de

FIRST COURSE.

What is a causal conjunction? Final?

SECOND COURSE.

When are as and since conjunctions? When so that occur together, how are they sometimes parsed? When is the phrase so that a final conjunction?

note the meaning of that as a final conjunction, they are parsed together as a final conjunction; as, "He cried aloud, so that [to the end that] some one might come to his relief.”

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

"Ye call me Master and Lord."

What part of speech is and? § 181. Why? § 181. What kind? §183. Why? § 183. What does it connect? Master and Lord.

RULE.

Copulative and disjunctive conjunctions connect words that are in the same construction.

EXAMPLES IN PARSING.

3

I saw the dead, both' small and' great, stand before God.— Bible. Mercy is better than sacrifice. Furthermore, the policy of this measure is very questionable. Did he go or stay? He was either1 ashamed or afraid. He could neither1 do it himself, nor1 procure any one to do it for him. External things are naturally variable, but truth and reason are always the same. Notwithstanding his indolence, he appears to have effected much. Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. He removed his camp since the enemy had cut off his supplies. They landed at the island that they might procure water.

INTERJECTIONS.

189. Interjections are words uttered to express some sudden or strong feeling of the mind; as, "Oh! I have alienated my friend ;"" Alas! I fear for life;" "O virtue! how amiable thou art!"

§ 190. They may be divided into sixteen classes according to the kind of feelings they generally express:

1. Of joy; as, eigh! hey! io!

2. Of grief or sorrow; as, ah! alas! alack! oh! welladay!

FIRST COURSE.

What are interjections? How are they divided? Name the different classes.

3. Of surprise; as, oh! ha! hah! what!

4. Of astonishment; as, ha! heigh! indeed! prodigious! 5. Of exultation; as, aha! huzza! heyday! hurrah!

6. Of calling attention; as, lo!

7. Of requesting silence; as, whist! hist! mum!

8. Of aversion; as, avaunt! away! poh! fie! off!

9. Of contempt; as, fudge! hugh! poh! pshaw! pish! tush! tut!

10. Of pain; as, ah! oh! eh!

11. Of calling aloud; as, ho! soho! hollo!

12. Of laughter; as, ha! ha! haha!

13. Of stopping; as, avast! whoh!.

14. Of wishing; as, oh!

15. Of languor; as, heigh-ho!

16. Of salutation; as, all hail!

REMARK 1. The words behold, hark, and see, should be considered as verbs in the imperative mode and not interjections, as some suppose. The strongest feelings may be expressed by command or exclamations. Come, go, rise, hasten, fly, etc., might be construed as interjections with as much propriety as look, see, etc.

REM. 2. The following remarks from Murray's Grammar will illustrate still farther the object and use of interjections: "Interjections are not so much the signs of thought, as of feeling. That a creature so inured to articulate sound as man is, should acquire the habit of uttering, without reflection, certain vocal sounds, when he is assaulted by any strong passion, or becomes conscious of any intense feeling, is natural enough. Indeed, by continual practice, this habit becomes so powerful, that, in certain cases, we should find it difficult to resist it, even if we wished to do so. When attacked by acute pain, it is hardly possible for us to refrain from saying oh! ah! etc.; and when we are astonished at any narrative or event, the words strange! prodigious! indeed! break from us, without any effort of the will. Interjections, though frequent in discourse, do not often occur in elegant composition. Unpractised writers, however, are apt to abound in the use

SECOND COURSE.

How should the words behold, hark, see, and hail be considered? Give the substance of the remarks contained in the extract from Murray's Grammar.

of them, in order, as they imagine, to give pathos to their style, which is nearly the same as if, with the view of rendering conversation witty or humorous, one were to interrupt it with frequent peals of laughter. The appearance of violent emotion in others, does not always raise violent emotion in us; our hearts, for the most part, are more effectually subdued by a sedate and simple utterance than by strong interjections and theatrical gesture. At any rate, composure is more graceful than extravagance; and, therefore, a multitude of these passionate words and particles will generally, at least on common occasions, savor more of levity than of dignity, of want of thought than of keen sensation. This holds in common discourse, as well as in writing. They who wish to speak often, and have little to say, are apt to abound in exclamations; wonderful, amazing, prodigious, O dear, dear me, surprising, astonishing, and the like; and hence the too frequent use of such words tends to breed a suspicion that one labors under a scantiness of ideas. Interjections denoting imprecation, and those in which the Divine name is irreverently mentioned, are always offensive to a pious mind; and the writer or speaker who contracts a habit of introducing them, may, without breach of charity, be suspected of profaneness."-Vol. I., page 129.

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

"O the bliss, the pain of dying!"

What part of speech is O? § 189. Why? § 189.

RULE.

Interjections are not dependent on any other part of speech.

EXAMPLES FOR PARSING.

Alas! I am ruined! O! that they were wise! Hurrah for the President! What! could ye not watch one hour?

DERIVATION.

§ 191. Derivation is that part of Etymology that explains the manner in which derivative words are formed from their primitives.