CONTRACTS. No State shall pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts..

What laws enter into the contract, n. 157. Validity and remedy, how connected, n. 157, p. 156. Repealing laws must not impair, Id. Monopolies, how affected, Id. Contract defined and discussed, n. 157, p. 157. Private incorporations are, Id. Mere retrospective laws are not, n. 158. How exemption laws impair, n. 159. And stay laws, n. 160. And redemption laws, n. 160. Laws which merely affect the remedy do not impair, n. 161. Nor laws which merely declare the validity of, n. 161.

CONTRACTED. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation............

This was only a moral and general obligation, n. 237. CONTROVERSIES. The judicial power shall extend to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States; between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State or the citizens thereof and foreign States, citizens, or subjects. See these several classifications fully explained, notes 199-200. (See Case.)

CONTROVERSIES between States' settled by Congress under the
Confederation, Art. IX. p. 14.

CONTROVERSY. In suits at common law, where the value in con-
troversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by

jury shall be preserved. Amendments....

This amendment discussed and explained, n. 263. The
parties may waive the right of trial by jury, n. 263.

CONVENE Congress. The President may, on extraordinary oc-
casions, convene both houses, or either of them
The power has been frequently exercised, n. 188.
CONVENED. The United States shall, on application of the
executive of a State, when the legislature cannot be
convened, protect such State from domestic violence
The President must determine what body of men con-
stitute the legislature, and who is the governor, n. 235.
CONVENTION. The adoption of the Constitution, done in Conven-
tion by the unanimous consent of the States present, the
17th September, A. D. 1787..

CONVENTIONS for proposing and ratifying amendments of the
Constitution. (See Constitution.)...

CONVENTIONS of States. The ratification of the conventions of
nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this
Constitution between the States so ratifying the same..........
No such proposal has ever been made by the States.
This was intended to leave the action, to the people, n..
243. Not by the States in their sovereign capacities, n. 6.
Not a majority of the whole people, n. 6.

CONVENTIONS of the rebel States to frame Constitutions, n. 27, p. 284, § 5. Delegates to be elected, n. 276, p. 284. (Supplementary act) § 2. The voters to decide for or against a convention, Id. § 3. If for, to be held, Id. § 4. Constitution to be submitted by the, to the voters, Id. § 4. If adopted, the President of, to transmit the Constitution to Congress, Id. § 5. The conventions to prescribe the fees, &c., Id. § 8. The conventions have been carried and met in all the States but Texas, Id 278.

CONVICTED. No person shall be convicted on an impeachment, without the concurrence of two-thirds of the senators present

CONVICTED. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court..

This refers to the proof on the trial, n. 216.

COPYRIGHT. An author has none except what is secured by act of
Congress, n. 107, p. 122.

CORRUPTION of blood. No attainder of treason shall work corrup-
tion of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the
person attainted..

...

By corruption of blood all inheritable qualities are
destroyed, n. 142.

COUNSEL. In all criminal prosecutions the accused to have the
assistance of counsel for his defense. Amendments......
When this was adopted counsel were not allowed in
England, n. 262.
COUNTERFEITING. Congress shall have power to provide for the
punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current
coin of the United States..

Defined; power of States to punish, n. 103.

COURT of impeachment. (See Impeachment.)

COURT. (See Supreme Court.)....

COURT. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the
testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on
confession in open court...

This means the trial not the preliminary examination,
n. 216.

COURT of the United States. In suits at common law, where the
value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the
right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried
by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of
the United States, than according to the rules of the com-
mon law. Amendments....

This includes all suits not of equity or admiralty juris-
diction, n. 263. The common law of England is meant,
n. 263. No fact revised, 264. Instances of violation, n. 265.
COURTS. Congress shall have power to constitute tribunals inferior
to the Supreme Court

To constitute tribunals, defined, n. 109. The jurisdic-
tion of such courts, Id. Congress can regulate their juris-
diction, n. 196.

COURTS. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested
in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the
Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish.
(See Judicial Power.)

Judicial power defined, n. 195. Mandatory upon Con-
gress to vest, Id. Supreme Court defined, Id. The present
organization of the Supreme Court, 197. List of all the
judges who presided in the, Id. Jurisdiction of the, n. 210.
COURTS of law. The Congress may, by law, vest the appointment
of such inferior officers as they think proper in the Presi-
dent alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of depart-
ments

Clerks of the court are such officers, n. 183, and commis-
sioners of bail and affidavits, Id.

CRAWFORD, WILLIAM H. Presiding officer of the Senate, n. 38,
p. 79.

CREDIT of the United States. Congress shall have power to bor-

row money on the credit of the United States.
(See Borrow, notes 82, 83, 84.)

CREDIT. No State shall emit bills of credit

(See Bills of Credit); defined, n. 154.

CREDIT. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every
other State.

Full faith and credit defined, n. 218. (See Judgments
and Judicial Proceedings, notes 218, 219.)

A judgment of a State court has the same credit in
every other State which it has in its own, n. 218. Provided
that there has been service or appearance, Id. The judg-
ments are conclusive, Id.

CRIME. Defined, n. 193; distinguished from misdemeanor, n. 194,
Subject fully discussed, Id.

CRIME. A person charged with treason, felony, or other crime, and fleeing from justice, to be delivered up to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.

The State making the demand must determine what is
crime, n. 223.

CRIME. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or other-
wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indict-
ment of a grand jury. Amendments.
These terms defined, n. 253.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for crime, &c. (See Slaves, n. 274.)

CRIMES. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment,
shall be by jury.........

Trial and crimes in this connection defined, n. 212.
The crimes must be against an act of Congress; the
jury must consist of twelve men, Id. (See Crime.)

CRIMINAL case. Nor shall any person be compelled, in any crimi-
nal case, to be a witness against himself. Amendments..
CRIMINAL cases. Jury not the judges of the law in, n. 212.
CRIMINAL prosecutions. In all criminal prosecutions the accused
shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an
impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime
shall have been committed; which district shall have
been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of
the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted
with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to
have the assistance. of counsel for his defense. Amend-
ments...

The accused defined, n. 260.

.

Character of crimes defined. Relates to war as well as peace, Id. Compulsory process and powers defined, 261.

5

CRUEL and unusual punishinent. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Amendments.

The sum required must not be too large, n. 268.

A fine of fifty dollars, and imprisonment three months, for selling liquor without license is not cruel, n. 267.

CUSHING, WILLIAM. One of the Supreme Judges, n. 197, p. 193.

DALLAS, GEORGE M. Vice-President, notes, 87, 78.

DANA, FRANCIS, of Mass. Signed Articles of Confederation, p. 21.
DANGER. (See Public Danger.)

atice

DANIEL PETER V. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court,

n. 197.

DATES in this work. Of the Dec of Ind., p. 7.
Of the Dec of Ind., p. 7. Of Articles of Con-
federation, p. 21. Of Constitution of the United States,
pp. 41, 252; and its ratification by the States, n. 243. Of the
amendments, n. 244. When the Constitution went into
operation, n. 3. Of the State Constitutions qualifying
voters, n. 17. Of the several censuses, n. 24, pp. 69–71. Of ser-
vice of the Speakers of the House, n. 26, p. 73. Of service
of the Vice-Presidents, n. 37. Of service of presiding offi-
cers of Senate, n. 38. Of service of the Presidents, n. 166.
Of service, births, and deaths of the judges of the Supreme
Court, n. 197. Of admission of the new States, n. 230. Of
the several reconstruction acts, n. 276. Of the act for
election of senators, n. 30. Of the act fixing sessions of
Congress, n. 43. Of the public debt, n. 78, pp. 96–99. Of
the acts to issue treasury notes, n. 83. Of the act regu-
lating weights and measures, n. 102. Of the first post-
offices, n. 105. Of the declarations of war, notes 117, 118.
Of the acts punishing felony, n. 113. Of the recognition of
the Confederates by England, n. 118, p. 129. Of the acts
for organizing the militia, n. 134. Of the suspension of
the writ of Habeas Corpus, n. 141, p. 143. Of election of
President, n. 168c. Of the act for filling vacancies in the
office of President, n. 172. Of Vice-Presidents becoming

Presidents, and of the deaths of Presidents Harrison, Tay-
for, and Lincoln, n. 172. Of the Tenure of Office Bill,
n. 184, the acts for allotting the Supreme Court, n. 197. Of
the Judiciary Act, n. 206.

DAVIS, DAVID. One of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court
n. 198.

DAVIS, JOHN W. Was Speaker, n. 26, p. 73.

DAYTON, JONATHAN, of New Jersey. Signed this Constitution,
pp. 42, 252. Was Speaker, n. 26, p. 72.
DEATH. În case of the death of the President, the duties of that
office shall devolve on the Vice-President, and in case of
the death of both President and Vice-President, Congress
shall by law declare what officer shall then act as Presi-
dent...

DEBATE. Senators and representatives, for any speech or debate
in either house, shall not be questioned in any other
place
DEBT. The validity of the public debt of the United States,
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment
of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insur-
rection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither
the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any
debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebel-
lion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or
emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obliga-
tions and claims shall be held illegal and void.
ments. This amendment discussed, n. 282...
DFBTS of the United States. Congress shall have power to pay
the debts of the United States. This section defined,
n. 78. The debts from the foundation of the government.
DEBTS. No State shall make any thing but gold and silver coin a
tender in payment of debts....

DEBTS.

Amend-

All debts contracted and engagements entered into before
the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against
the United States under this Constitution as under the
Confederation...

DECIMETER. A measure of length, n. 102, p. 117, § 2.
DECITIZENIZE. No power in the States to, Pref. p. ix. No law to, as
in France, n. 169.

DECLARATION of Independence, pp. 1--8.

DECLARATORY. Some of the amendments were, others restrictive,
n. 258, p. 262.

DEFENSE. Constitution established to provide for the common

defense. Preamble..

DEFENSE. Congress shall have power to provide for the common
defense

DEFENSE. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy
the right to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
Amendments ..
DEFEND the Constitution. The President of the United States
shall swear or affirm to preserve, protect, and defend the
Constitution of the United States.
DEFINITIONS of words and terms. Accusation, n. 260. Accused,
n. 260.
"Agreement or Compact," n. 164. Ambassador,
n. 180. Armies, n. 124. Arts, n. 107. Attainder, n. 142.
Authors, n. 107. Bail, n. 266. Bankrupt, n. 94. Bank-
ruptcy, n. 95, "Bill of Attainder," n. 142. "Bills of
Credit," n. 154. Capitation, n. 144. Census, n. 145. Citi-
zen, notes 220, 221, 274. Coin, n. 97. Commerce, n. 86.
Common Defense, notes 10, 79. "Common Law,"
n. 263. Compact, n. 164. Compulsory Process, n. 261. Con-
gress, n. 15. Constitution, n. 109. Consul, n. 181. Contract,
n. 157. Controversies. n. 206. "Corruption of Blood,'
n. 217. Credit, n. 154. Crime, n. 193. Counterfeiting, n. 103.
"Declare War," n. 117. Define, n. 110. Delegated, n. 269.
Deny, n. 268. "Direct Taxes," notes 22, 144. Disparage
n. 268. Dispose of, n. 231. “Domestic Tranquillity," n. 9.
Domestic Violence,” n. 235. “Due Process of Law,” n. 257. -

Duties, n. 75. Elections, n. 44. Electors, notes 16, 167.
Enumeration, n. 268. Escaping, n. 227. Establish, n. 104.
Establishment, n. 245. Excise, n. 77. "Executive Power,"
n. 165. Ex Post Facto, notes 143, 156. "Faith and
Credit," n. 218. Felony, n. 113. Fix, n. 101. Flee, n.
224. Freedom (of speech and of the press), notes 246,
247. "General Welfare," notes 11, 80. Grand Jury, n.
253. Guarantee, n. 233. Habeas Corpus, n. 141. High
Crimes, n. 193. High Seas, n. 114. Immunities, n. 221.
Imposts, notes 76, 146, 162. Indictments, n. 253. “Inhabi-
tant of a State," n. 19. Insurrection, n. 132. Invasion,
n. 133. Invent, n. 108. Judgment, n. 40.
Judgment, n. 40. Judicial Pro-
ceedings, n. 218. Jurisdiction, notes 210, 211. Just Compen-
sation, n. 259. Justice, n. 8. Law of Nations, n. 116.
Laws of the Union, n. 131. Legislative Power, n. 14.
Liberty, n. 12. Make Rules, n. 129. Marque, n. 120.
Migration, n. 139. Militia, n. 130. Misdemeanors, n. 194.
Money, notes 83, 98, 149. Natural Born, n. 169. Natu-
ralization, n. 93. Navy, n. 128. Necessary, n. 138. Need-
ful Rules and Regulations, n. 231. Nobility, n. 150
Nominate, n. 179. Members, n. 24. Offenses against the
Law of Nations, n. 115. Office, n. 151. Original Juris-
diction, n. 210. Owner, n. 250. Pardon, n. 177. Piracy,
n. 112. Post-Offices, n. 105. Post-Roads, n. 106. Power,
notes 71, 138. Preference, n. 147. Presentment, n. 253.
Private Property. n. 258. Privilege, notes 140, 221. Pro-
ceedings, n. 218. "Process of Law," notes 257, 261. Pro-
gress, n. 107. Promote, n. 107. Proper, n. 138. Property,
notes 232, 258. Provide and Maintain, n. 128. Punish, n.
111. Punishment, n. 217. Qualifications, n. 16. Quarter,
n. 250. "Raise and Support," n. 123. Ratification, n. 243.
Records, n. 218. Regulate, n. 85. Religion, n. 245. Re-
ligions Test, n. 242. Reprieve, n. 177. Reprisal, n. 121.
Republican Government, n. 233. Returns, n. 45. Reve-
nue, n. 65. Rules, n. 47. Science, n. 107. Securing,
n. 107. Soldier, n. 250. Standard, n. 101. State, n. 229,
Supreme Law, n. 240. Taxes, notes 22, 72. Territory,
n. 231. Ton, n. 102. Tonnage, n. 163.
Treaty, notes 178, 240. Trial, n. 212.
Troops, n. 164. "Two-thirds," n. 68.
United States of America, n. 13. "Vessels Bound," n.
148. Veto, n. 67. Vice-President, n. 36. War, n. 117.
Warrant, n. 252. "We the People," n. 6. "Weights and
Measures,” n. 102. "Yeas and Nays," n. 51.

Treason, n. 215.
Tribunal, n. 109.
Uniform, n. 81.

DEKAGRAM. A measure of weight, n. 102, p. 118, § 2.
DEKALITER. A measure of capacity, n. 102, p. 118. § 2.
DEKAMETER. A measure of length. n. 102, p. 117, § 2.
DELAWARE. Declared Independence, p. 7. Entered into Articles of
Confederation, pp. 9, 21. Qualification for suffrage in, n.
17, p. 60. One representative, pp. 23, 67, 68, n. 24. Num-
ber of inhabitants through each decade, n. 24, pp. 68-71.
Assigned to a circuit, n. 198. Rejected the 13th and 14th
Amendments, n. 274, 275.

DELAWARE. Entitled to one representative in first Congress
DELEGATED. The powers not delegated to the United States by

the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are
reserved to the States, respectively, or to the people.
Amendments...

Delegated defined, n. 269. Copied from the Confedera-
tion, n. 269. See also p. 9.

DELEGATES. How chosen under the Articles of Confederation.
Art. V. p. 11. Freedom of speech and power of arrest
secured, Id.

Per-

DELEGATES or members of State legislatures shall be bound
by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution....
The reason of this oath, and the test oath, n. 242.
sons who had taken this oath and engaged in rebellion,
disqualified for office, 14th amendment, The same class