T. C. late of C. C. C. in Oxford, London, Printed in 1658. Who was intended by the initials T. C. I know not; but in Calamy's Abridgement of Baxter's Life, p. 188, it is said, that Mr. Joseph Caryl, Author of An Exposition with practical Observations on the Book of JOB, had a hand in the work just mentioned. But it is the less wonderful that the Editor, whoever he was, did not choose to put his name at length to the Title-page of this Lexicon, since it is, in truth, only an abridged Translation of Pasor's, which material circumstance, however, the Translator has not been ingenuous enough to acknowledge, nor, so far as I can find, has ever once mentioned Pasor's name. At the end of the Lexicon, besides a Greek and English Index, and a grammatical Explanation of the second Chapter of Romans, are added an English Translation of Pasor on the Greek Dialects of the N. T. and another of the common Greek Grammar. On the whole, as this Lexicon has most of the excellencies of Pasor's, which is no doubt a valuable work, so it cannot be denied that it has likewise all it's imperfections, and particularly that very consi derable one which arises from ranging the Greek words not alphabetically, but under their respective Roots; a method which must to a beginner occasion a great deal of unnecessary trouble. But the most remarkable work of this kind furnished by the last Century is Symson's LEXICON and CONCORDANCE, printed likewise in 1658, in a small Folio, under the titles of LEXICON Anglo-Græco-Latinum Novi Testamenti, &c. and of Ἡ ΤΗΣ ΚΑΙΝΗΣ ΔΙΑΘΗΚΗΣ ΣΥΜΦΩΝΙΑ, OF AN ALPHABETICAL CONCORDANCE of all the Greek Words contained in the New Testament, by Andrew Symson. A Performance this, which, whilst it exhibits the prodigious labour of it's Author, can give one no very high opinion of his genius or skill in the art of instruction. If, indeed, the method and ingenuity of this writer had been proportionable to his industry, one might, I think, almost affirm that he would have rendered all future Greek and English Lexicons to the New Testament in a great measure superfluous; but by injudiciously making the English Translation the Basis of his Work, and by separating the etymological part of the Greek from the explanatory, he has rendered his Book in a manner useless to the young Scholar, and in truth hardly manageable by any but a person of uncommon application.

After the greater part of the following sheets had passed through the press I got a sight of Dr. John Williams's Concordance to the Greek Testament, with the English Version to each Word, printed in 1767; of which I shall only observe, that the Doctor's method is so concise, and his plan so very different from mine, that, had his Concordance been published sooner, I could have derived no great assistance from it.

The above-mentioned are all the English Lexicons to the Greek Testament that I can find to have been yet published; and as I have freely and impartially delivered my sentiments concerning them, it may be reasonably expected that I should now give some account of my own Work.

Proper Names then being excepted (of which, however, I have inserted some of the principal), the Reader will here find all the words which occur in the New Testament, whether Greek, Oriental, or Latin, placed in alphabetical order, together with the Gender and Genitive cases of Substantives, and the Terminations of Adjectives, which respectively denote the manner in which they are declined. As to the Verbs, I had once some thoughts of adding the first Futures, Perfects, and other principal Tenses, as Schrevelius has done, but, upon further consideration, judged it would be more for the benefit of the Learner, whenever he was at a loss for the Tenses of a Verb, carefully to attend to it's Characteristic, and then to have immediate recourse to the Grammar, where, I hope, he will rarely fail of meeting with full information.

I have further endeavoured accurately to distinguish the primitive from the derived Words, and that the Learner may instantly, by a glance of his eye, discern the one from the other, the former are printed in Capitals, the latter in small Letters. By primitive words are meant such whose derivation can be fairly traced no farther in the Greek, and

N. B. The Oriental and Latin words which occur in the New Testament are likewise printed in Capitals, since they also ought to be considered as Primitives with respect to the Greek.

by

by derivatives, those that are plainly deducible from some other more simple word, or words, in that language. It must be confessed that Etymological Writers have, by their forced and whimsical derivations, drawn upon themselves part of that contempt which has been so liberally poured upon them; and as to the Greek Lexicographers in particular, nothing has run them into such risible absurdities as their attempting to assign Greek derivations to primitive words of that tongue. It were no difficult matter to produce instances of this sort from most of the Lexicons hitherto published, but the learned Reader will easily recollect enow, and for my own part I very willingly forbear to expose men, who, with all their mistakes, have deserved well of learning and of religiofi, to the petulancy of ignorance, and the contempt of fools. The truth of the case is plainly this, that whatever were the nature of that Confusion at Babel, yet it is as evident as any Matter of Fact can be, that the traces of great numbers of Hebrew words are preserved not only in the Greek and Latin, but also in the various languages which are still spoken in the world, and particularly in the Northern tongues, where one should least expect to find them: And in relation to the Greek, in particular, I will venture to add, after long attention to the subject, that almost all the Greek primitives, which virtually include the whole language, may be naturally and easily deduced from the Hebrew. This, if I am not greatly mistaken, I have demonstrated in the ensuing Lexicon with respect to such Primitives as are used in the New Testament, and these, it must be observed, comprehend a very large part of all the Radicals in the Greek language. And though I am far from presuming that in such a number of Derivations no oversights have escaped me, and have proposed some with a declared doubtfulness of their propriety, yet it is pot a few mistakes,

-Quas aut Incuria fudit,

Aut Humana parum cavit Natura,—

that can, with any equitable Judge, invalidate the general truth which I have endeavoured to establish on the evidence of many plain and indisputable particulars.

By the Greek Primitives being thus throughout referred to their Hebrew Roots, the relation between those two languages is clearly shewn, and I cannot but hope this part of my Work may both prove a recommendation of it to those who already understand Hebrew, and incite others to undertake the easy task of acquainting themselves with the rudiments of that original tongue.

When the Primitive words in Greek are once settled, it is no difficult matter for a person, tolerably skilled in the language, to refer the Derivatives and Compounds to their respective Radicals. Here, indeed, former Lexicon-writers have contributed ample assistance, and I have scarcely ever scen reason to differ from them all in this branch of our business.

Etymology, however, is but a small part of the Lexicographer's task. To assign the primary sense of every radical and derived word, and thence to arrange in a regular order the several consequential senses, and to support these by apposite citations or references, explaining likewise in their proper places the various Phrases and Idioms of the language -HOC Opus, HIC Labor est; in the particulars just mentioned consists the main difficulty of writing a Lexicon, and by the manner in which they are executed must it's

See Thomassin, Prefat. in Glossarium Hebraicum, Pars IV. § v. p. 96, 97.

+ That what I have above said may not be deemed a novel opinion, I think proper to remark, that the learned Author of the Port-Royal Grammar, Preface, p. 8, edit. Nugent, speaking of the Hebrew, says it "is the most ancient of all languages, from whence the Greek itself derives it's origin.” And the Writers of the Universal History, vol. xvi. p. 53, 8vo. edit. express themselves thus: "That the most ancient Greek Tongue approached much nearer the Easternlanguages than those dialects of it used by even the oldest Greek Classica, appears from the obsolete Radices of that tongue, which generally discover a near relation to the East. The proximity of the earliest Greck Language to the Oriental Tongues was well known to Isaaz Casaubon and Erpenius, and may be so to any who examines the Greek Roots with proper attention." also the learned Gale's Court of the Gentiles, Pt. I. B. i. ch. 12, entitled "European Languages, especially the Greek and Latin, from the Hebrew." [Vitringa Observ. Sacr. Lib. 1. cap. vii. and Dr. Greg. Sharpe's VIIth Letter on learning the Hebrew Language, and his Hebrew Lexicon, and Index.]

See

Of these, however, I would be understood to except some few which are formed from the sound, that is, immediately from nature,

!

xiv

merit or demerit be principally determined. All I can say for myself in these respects is, that I have honestly and conscientiously done my best; nor have I knowingly and wilfully misrepresented a single word or expression, nor paid a regard to the opinions of any man, or number of men whatever, further than they appeared to me agreeable to the Sacred Oracles, and to the analogy of the Greek Tongue.

W uere more senses than one are assigned to a word, these are distinctly placed in several Puragraphs, with the Roman, and in some cases with the common, numeral figures prefixed; and every sense, which occurs in the New Testament, is authorized by citing or referring to the passage, or passages, where the word is so applied. This method, at the same time that it presents the more advanced Scholar with the evidence on which each particular meaning is attributed to every word, will, I doubt not, be also found by experience to conduce greatly to the ease and advantage of the beginner. At least it seems to me far preferable to that followed by Mintert and others, of huddling the various senses of a word together, and leaving the Learner to assign the distinct meaning of it in a particular passage as be can. On the other hand, I have endeavoured to avoid a fault, which, I think, Stockius's over-diligence has sometimes betrayed him into, namely, of multiplying the meanings of words too much by Divisions and Sub-divisions, which, I apprehend, tend rather to perplex than to instruct,

Among the various attacks that have been, of late years, made upon Divine Revelation by open or disguised Infidels, it is not to be wondered that the Style of the inspired Penmen of the New Testament has not escaped their malignity: And it must be owned that some well-meaning Christian Writers have undesignedly contributed to propagate and confirm the notion of it's Barbarousness, by calling many forms of expression Hebraisms, which do indeed agree with the Hebrew idiom, but which are also found in the purest of the Greek Classics, who cannot be supposed to have had any direct acquaintance with the Hebrew tongue. Numerous instances of such Phrases are given in the course of the following Work: And to illustrate this subject a little further, I would beg the Reader's attention to the three following observations. First, that in the Apostolic age *Greek was the most universally spoken and understood of any language upon earth : But secondly, that in all the Eastern parts of the world it had undoubtedly received a strong tincture from the Hebrew and 'Oriental tongues: And lastly, that the Books of the New Testament were written not only for the benefit of this or that particular Church, or People, but of the whole World, both Jews and Gentiles. Such being, in the time of the Apostles, the real state of the Greek language, and of mankind in respect to it, and to the Evangelical writings, we may defy the utmost wit and malice of the enemies of God's Revelation to point out a wiser method of communicating the Scriptures of the New Testament to the World, than that which the Holy Spirit has actually employed, namely, by causing those Divine Oracles to be penned in such a Greek style, as, at the same time, that it might in general be understood by every man who was acquainted with the Greek language, was peculiarly conformable to the idiom of the Jews, and of the Eastern nations: And the adorable propriety of this latter circumstance will appear still more evident, if we reflect that in the Apostles' days the World, both Jewish and Heathen, had been for nearly three hundred years in possession of the Septuagint Version of the Old Testament [at least of the Pentateuch]; the Greek of which Translation did likewise greatly abound in Hebrew and Oriental forms of expression, many of which are adopted by the Evangelical Writers.

Let us suppose, that a person whose native language was Greek, and who had read some of the best Greek Authors, but was entirely ignorant of the Eastern tongues, had met with some or all of the sacred books of the New Testament soon after their publication; the principal difficulty, I apprehend, which one thus qualified would have found in understanding their Style, would have arisen not from the Oriental idioms occurring therein, (for most of these are used also by the purest Greek Classics, and the meaning of * Thus, about sixty years before Christ, Cicero tells a Roman audience, that " Greek was read among almost all nations, whilst Latin was confined within it's own narrow limits. Græca leguntur in omnibus ferè gentibus, Latina suis finibus exiguis sanè continentur." Pro Archiâ Poeta, § 10, edit. Gruter. + [See Whitaker's Origin of Arianism, p. 213.]

others

others is so plain as not to be easily mistaken,) but from the peculiar senses in which they apply single words; as for instance, Isis for Faith, or Believing in God; Amaioσuvy for Imputed Righteousness; Krios for Creation, or Production from nothing: And it will be necessary to observe, that in delivering that blessed Doctrine which was to the Greeks Foolishness, it was absolutely impossible for the sacred Writers to express themselves at all, concerning the most essential points, unless they had either coined new words, or used such old ones as they already found in a new sense-New, I mean, to the mere Gentile Greeks, who were unacquainted even with the notions these words were intended to convey, till they had learned them from the explanation of the terms themselves, or from the previous preaching of the Gospel-but by no means new to the Grecizing Jews, and to all those who had read the Septuagint Translation, since the same words had been there applied in the same senses. The Writers, therefore, of the New Testament, or rather (with reverence be it spoken!) the Holy Spirit, whose Pen-men they were, wisely chose, in expressing Evangelical notions, to employ such Greek terms as had been long before used for the same purposes by the Greek Translators of the Old Testament: And thus the Septuagint Version, however imperfect and faulty in many particulars, became, in this respect, not to the first age of the Church only, but also to all succeeding generations, the connecting link between the language of the Old and of the New Testament, and will be regarded in this view as long as sound judgement and real learning shall continue among Men.

*

But it is time to return, and give the Reader an account of the Assistances I have used in compiling the ensuing Work: In deriving then the Greek Primitives from their Hebrew originals, I have received considerable help from Thomassin's Methode d'etudier & d'enseigner la Grammaire & les Langues; I have, however, seen but too frequent reason to dissent from the derivations proposed by that Writer, and have often substituted others more probable (I hope) in their room. In the explanatory part, besides continually consulting the common Lexicons, and many of the best Commentators and Critics (a + list of whom may be seen below), and occasionally recurring to a considerable variety of other Writers, I have also carefully perused several of the best Greek Authors in the original, with a direct view to the improvement of this Work. The writings of Josephus, in

"It is certain, say our English Translators in their Preface, that (i. e. the LXX) Translation was not so sound and perfect, but that it needed, in many places, correction." And again: "It is evident that the Seventy were Interpreters; they were not Prophets. They did many things well as learned men; but yet, as men, they stumbled and fell, one while through oversight, another while through ignorance; yea sometimes they may be noted to add to the original, and sometimes to take from it." † Alberti Joan Observationes Philologica in Sacros Novi Fœderis Libros. Lugd. Bat. 1725. Blackwall's Sacred Classics, 2 Vols. 8vo.

Becharti Opera omnia a Leusden, &c. 3 Vols. Fol. Lugd. Bat. 1692.

Bes Lambert Ellipses Græcæ. Edit. 7ma. Lugd. Bat. 1750.

Doddridge's Family Expositor, 6 Vols. 4to.

Elsneri Jac. Observationes Sacræ, 2 Tom. 8vo. Traject. ad Rhen. 1720.

Fell's, Bishop, Paraphrase and Annotations upon all the Epistles of St. Paul, Oxford, 1684.

Gregorii Joan. Novum Testamentum cum Scholiis Græcis, Oxon. 1703.

Lardner's Credibility of the Gospel History, Vol. 1st and 2d.

Leigh's Critica Sacra.

Locke on St. Paul's Epistles.

Martinii Cadmus Græco- Phoenix.

Mintert Pet. Lexicon, &c. Francof. ad Mon. 1728.

Pasoris Georg. Lexicon, &c.

Pali Synopsis.

Raphelii Georg. Annotationes in S. S. ex Xenophonte, Polybio, Arriano, & Herodoto. 2 Tom. 8vo.
Lugd. Bat. 1747.

Schmidii Erasm. Concordantiæ, N. T.

Stockii Christ. Clavis, N. T. Edit. Quinta, Lipsiæ, 1752.

Suiceri Thesaurus Ecclesiasticus, 2 Tom. Folio. Amstel. 1682.

Tromi Abrah. Concordantiæ Græcæ in LXX Interpretes. 2 Tom. Folio.

Wetstenii Joan. Jacob. Novum Testamentum Græcum, cum Lect. Var. & Commentario. 2 Tom.

Folio. Amstel. 1751.

Whitby on the New Testament, 2 Vols. 4to. Edinburgh, 1761.

Welfi Je. Christ. Cura Philologicæ, &c. 5 Tom. 4to. Hamburg, 1739.

particular,

particular, have furnished many passages for illustrating not only the Phraseology, but likewise the Histories and Predictions of the New Testament*. And here I would, once for all, request the forgiveness of the candid and ingenuous, if, on some occasions, I seem to go too far beyond my Title-page, and instead of a Lexicon-writer turn Commentator. In mitigation of this offense (if such it be) I must beg leave to plead, that my grand view was to throw light on the inspired books of the New Testament, and to make them easily intelligible to the English Christian; and that from this, my principal scope, I hope it will not be found that I have often deviated. And if an Author might be permitted to speak a word or two more in favour of his own Performance, I would in this place humbly recommend the following Grammar and Lexicon: First, to all those who may have an inclination to learn the Greek language, though previously unacquainted with Latin: Secondly, to those who having formerly acquired some knowledge of Greek at School, but having afterwards intermitted such studies, are, in more advanced life, desirous of consulting or reading the Evangelical Writers in the Original: Thirdly, to the Youth of our Schools and Universities, who will certainly meet with many things in this, which are not to be found in the common Lexicons, and which, I trust, will tend to give them right apprehensions with regard to many particulars, both of Christian Faith and Practice: And fourthly, may I add that I am in hopes this work may be of some service to my younger Brethren of the Clergy? who are not only here presented with a critical Explanation of all the Words and Phrases in the New Testament, and with the Illustration of many difficult Passages, but are also generally referred to the larger Expositions of such Writers, both of our own and other countries, as seem to have excelled on the several subjects of Sacred Criticism.

After all, I am thoroughly sensible that a work of this kind must, from it's very nature, be capable of continual improvement, and really apprehend that it is almost an absurdity to talk of a Perfect Lexicon, or Dictionary: I have accordingly endeavoured, while the sheets were printing off, to supply such deficiencies and correct such mistakes as had before escaped me; and it seems but a fair request that no one would pass a final judge▾ ment on my interpretation of any particular word or expression, till he has consulted, not only the Lexicon, but the Appendix†.

I cannot conclude without expressing a cheerful hope of approbation from the truly candid and Christian Reader: But as for Those, qui se rerum omnium primos esse putant, nec tamen sunt, who imagine themselves to be much more accurate and accomplished scholars than they really are, and therefore assume a privilege of hastily condemning or insolently sneering whatever does not exactly coincide with their own sentiments-Ta such Gentlemen as these I would just whisper in the ear,

† ΜΩΜΕΙΣΘΑΙ έμον εσιν η ΜΙΜΕΙΣΘΑΙ

and if they doubt the justice of applying the Proverb to the present case, I would beg them to select a few such words as occur pretty frequently in the Greek Testament, and endeavour to go through their various acceptations in the manner of this Lexicon; and, if their Pride has not quite eaten up their Good-nature, I dare say that two or three trials of this kind will, at least, turn their contempt of the Lexicographer into pity, and incline them to think that even some considerable and obvious mistakes might be justly pardonable in a Work, which, they will be convinced, must have required so long and so close an application.

But whatever censures malignant Criticism may pass on the ensuing Performance, or whatever reception it may meet with from my Countrymen in general-Praised be the Father of Mercies, and the God of all Comfort, who, amid a variety of Arocations and Infirmities, hath enabled me to bring it to a conclusion. And may the Blessing of the saine God attend it to the heart of every Reader! May He prosper it to his own Glory, to the Diffusion of Divine Knowledge, to the Promotion of Christian Practice, and to the Salvation of Souls! Amen and Amen.

[I have also made considerable use of the Works of Lucian, which are generally cited according to Benedictus's edition in 2 Tomes 12mo. Salmurii, 1619.]

N. B. In this SECOND Edition the Appendix is digested into the Body of the Work.

"It is easier to blame, or sneer, than to imitate.”