κρίσεως, Ye are full of hypocrisy. Expressed, Ευπορώτερος εκ διδασκαλίας, More abundant in learning. Gaza in Busby's Grammar, p. 142.

5. Genitives denoting the part of any substance, as Mark ix. 27, Kę2770AS AUTOY TYS Xags. Expressed, Lucian Asin. Aapbavelai μe ex Tys agas, He takes me by the tail; d. (p. 158, edit. Bened.) Apaμevel Ex Twy wodwy, lafting me up by the feet.

6. Genitives signifying the matter of which any thing is made, as Lucian, Eldr,gy WETOITULEVOS, Made of iron. Expressed, Theophrast. Tas roinguis ex xedçu wõibσiv, They make their gallies of cedar.

7. Genitives signifying from or out of a place, as Euripid. Is eλav Koguvas, To drive out of the country of Corinth. Expressed, Isocrat. Eλzuvelai autov ex tys ‘Ehdados, He drives him out of Greece.

8. The Genitives after Adjectives partitive, infinitive, interrogative, numerals, and superlatives, as Luke xi. 45, Ts wv voux, A certain one of the lawyers; 1 Cor. ii. 11, Tis-avişwwwv;· Who of men? Luke v. 3, 'Ev TWY whowy, One of the ships; 1 Cor. xv. 9. 'O' Eλaxiσtos TWY ATOσTOλwy, The least of the Apostles. Ex or & is expressed John i. 35, Ex Twv μalyτшv auтa duo, Two of his disciples; Mat. vi. 27, Tis & jur; Who of you? And with a superlative, Lucian, Eyw et áraswv j xaλioty adoga, I seemed the fairest of all.

9. The Genitive absolute (as it is improperly called), when joined with a Participle of a pust tense, as largos Savovlos, The father being dead.

V. By 'ENEKA for, on account of, in respect of, understood, are governed,

1. The Genitives after Verbs of admiring, praising, envying, punishing, anger, and the like, zupa te tys apetys, I admire thee for or on account of (thy) virtue; Zn, EvdZIMOVIĆw, — STαIvo-σE TYS TUXys, I envy-congratulate-celebrate thee for (thy) fortune; Xwopevov sülшvoid yuvaixos, Angry on account of the well-shaped woman. Homer, I. i. lin. 429. Comp. 2 Pet. iii. 9.

2. The Genitive article 78 before Verbs infinitive, as Mat. ii. 13, Te añoλɛczi avto, To destroy it, i. e. in order to destroy, or on account of destroying it.

VI. By EIII over, in, during, in the time of, to, understood, are governed,

1. The Genitive after Verbs of commanding or ruling, as Mark x. 42, Agxy Tv Elxwy, To rule over the Gentiles. 1 Tim. ii. 12, Auferlav avdgos, To assume authority over the man. Expressed, Mat. ii. 22, Αρχελαος βασιλεύει επι της Ιεδαίας, Archelaus reigns over Judea.

2. Nouns of Time in the Genitive answering to the question when? as Lucian, Tes celes atexleva pas juspas, So many did I kill in one day; which is expressed preently after by επί μιας ημερας.

3. The Genitive absolute (as it is called), when joined with a Participle Present, as Luke iii. 1, 'Houde Terçagyavios, Herod bring tetrarch, or when Herod was tetrarch. Expressed, Joseph. Ant. xii. 3, ET Arlioxe-Bacıxsuorios, When Antiochus was king.

4. The Genitive denoting to a place, as Sophocles, Iwp.sv vaos, Let us go to the ship. Expressed, Thucydides, Iɛvai en' oixe, To go to (one's) house or home.

VII. By IIEPI about, concerning, of, as to, in, understood, are governed,

1. The Genitives joined with Verbs of remembering, forgetting, caring for, neglecting, and the like, as Μέμνησο της τύχης, Remember fortune, Αμελείς των φίλων, του neglect your friends. Expressed, Dio Cass. Even wɛçi aviwv, He remembered, or was mindful of them; Isocrat. IIερ yраμμаτwν quexioar, They were careless of

letters.

2 The Genitive of the thing joined with Verbs of condemning, absolving, or the like, as Demosth. Aixwvqy edevos aitiwμai, I accuse Æschines of nothing. Expressed, John

• Though I am well aware that 'Eva is usually reckoned an Adverb, yet, as it manifestly governs a Genitive, just like a Preposition, I have not scrupled to insert it here, especially as either this word or yaow, for mara xacin, on account of, must frequently be supplied to explain the government of the Genilive in Greek.

f4

viii. 46.

viii. 46, Tis ε μшY EXεYXEL μe wept auaplias; Who of you convicteth me of sin? Isocrat. Araxλatiw σe wepi T8T8, I acquit you of this.

3. The Genitive of the thing joined with Verbs of hearing, as Thucyd. "Qs eπubovio Tys Пluλ8 xaтalλquevrs. When they heard of Pylos being taken, for περι Πύλο.

4. The Genitives joined with Adjectives denoting knowledge, remembrance, care, and their contraries, as Eurεipos To worse, Skilful in war. Expressed, Xenoph. povuos wep Telov, Knowing as to these things.

VIII By IPO before, preferably, in preference to, understood, are governed,

1. The Genitives joined with Comparatives, as EudaLoveσTEρos u8, More happy than I. Expressed, Herodot. i. 62, Οισιν ἡ τυραννις προ ελευθερίης ην ασπαστότερον, To whom tyranny was eligible before, or * a more eligible thing than, liberty.

2. The Genitives joined with Verbs of chusing, preferring, and the like, as Elian, Πλέσιον εραστήν είλετο το χρηστε πένητος, She chose a rich lover before a good (but) poor one. Expressed, Dionys. Halicarn. Τα συμφεροντα προ των δικαίων ἑλομενος, Preferring what was convenient before what was just.

IX. By 'TO by understood, is governed,

The Genitive joined to Verbs passive, as Isocrat. Hrizolaι Twv σuμçopwv, To be overcome by misfortunes; Luke viii. 20, Απη/γελη αυίῳ, λεγονίων — (supply ὑπό τινων) It was told him by some, who said. To is very often expressed with the passive Verbs: For instances see the following Lexicon, or a Greek Concordance to N. T. under T.

Of the DATIVE.

37. In general where the signs † to or for may be put before a Noun or Pronoun in English, that word in Greek is in the Dative, as Teapw iμw, I write to you.

Hence

38. E, denoting possession or property, is often joined with a Dative, as Luke ix. 13, Oux Blow yur, There are not to us, i. e. we have not. Comp. Luke viii. 42. Mark

xi. 24. Acts iii. 6.

39. Verbs of profiting, trusting, obeying, disobeying, answering, sufficing, and the like, govern a Dative, as AVOITEEL Ty Ast, It profiteth, or is profitable for, the city; John xiv. 8. Aprel qui, It sufficeth, or is suficient for, us.

40. Adjectives of equality, likeness, decency, profit, easiness, trust, obedience, affection, nearness, and their contraries, govern a Dative, as Mat. xx. 12, Ioes y aules stoly,σas, Thou hast made them equal to us; Luke vi. 48, 'OpoIOS EσTIV aviρway, He is like (to) a man; Expos Ty woλa, Averse or an enemy to the city.

41. Verbs and Adjectives compounded with ovv or fue govern a Dative by the force of the Preposition, as Euxaige en rois ciλ015, it behoves (us) to rejoice with friends; Συντροφος εμοι, Bred up with me, Όμοψύχος εμοι (i. e συν εμοι), Like-minded with me. 42. The Dative is often governed by a Preposition understood. I. By EN in, by, with, understood, are governed,

1. The Datives denoting in or at a place, as Aifepi vaiwy, Dwelling in the air. Expressed, Mat. ii. 19. iii. 3. & al. freq.

2. The Datives signifying the time when, as Mat. xvii. 23, Ty teith spa, On the third day. Expressed, Mat. vii. 22, Ev exsivn 7 uɛpa, In that day.

3. The Datives denoting the instrument, cause, or manner of action, as Homer, Hλaos CipeÏ, nai emeqve, doλw, & xpalei, He smote (him) with a sword, and killed (him) by fraud, not by valour. Expressed, Euripid. Er Beha wanyes, Struck with a dart, II By E upon, for, concerning, bn account of, understood, are governed.

Comp. above Rule 17.

When the signs to or for do or may follow a V. in English, that V. is said to be put acquisitively, because the Noun or Pronoun following the sign acquires something,

The

The Datives after Verbs of anger, rejoicing, envying, following, and the like, as Demosth. Opуilertal Tw εEαnarnoarh, To be angry with a person who deceived him. Expressed, Lucien, Επι τοις παρεσιν αγανακτειν, To be offended at the present circumstances. III. By META with, understood, is governed,

The Dative joined with Verbs of following or accompanying, as Mat. viii. 19, Axo28brow on, I will follow thee. Expressed, Hesiod, Op. lin. 230, Mer avspaoi Xiμos E, Hunger follows or accompanies men. Comp. Luke ix. 49.

IV. By ПIAPA by, understood, is governed,

The Dative of the agent after the Verb passive, as Τι πεπρακίαι τοις άλλοις, What is done by others. Expressed, Joseph. De Bel. i. 30. 3, Eppyty de wapa wasais тa πpielqueva, The things before related were asserted by all (the women).

Of the ACCUSATIVE.

43. Verbs * transitive govern an Accusative, as гvwb. ceαulov, Know thyself; Tov tov pobote, Fear ye God.

44. Verbs are joined with their cognate Nouns in the Accusative, as Exapyσav Xagar palany, They rejoiced (with) great joy.

45. The Accusative is often governed by a Preposition understood. 1. By AIA on account or because of understood, is governed,

The Accusative absolute (as some call it), when a reason is implied, as Acts xxvi. 3, Maxiora yvworηy ovia σe, Especially because of thy being, or because thou art, skilful. II. By E12 to, concerning, against, understood, are governed,

1. The Accusative of the thing after Verbs of advising, exhorting, or the like, as IIpoτρέπω σε τούτο, I exhort you to this. Expressed, Demosth. Εις ομονοιαν προτρεψαι. Το exhort to unanimity.

2. The Accusative of the person after Verbs of doing or speaking well or ill. Asyw os xxxz, I speak evil concerning thee, for as σe. Comp. Mat. xxvi. 10.

III. By E for, during, understood, is governed,

The Accusative of a Noun of time, as Mat. iv. 2, Νησίευσας ἡμέρας τεσσαρακονία και vuxlas Teσσapanovla, Having fasted forty days and forty nights. Ent is expressed, Luke iv. 25. Acts xiii. 31. xix. 8.

IV. By KATA as to, in respect of, understood, are governed,

1. The Accusative of the thing after Verbs of asking, requesting, depriving, as Anew τινα τι, Το ask any one any thing, for καλα τι ; Αποστερείν τινα τα χρημαία, Το deprive any one of, or as to, (his) goods.

2. The Accusative joined with Verbs passive, or signifying passively, in such expressions as these: Euripides, Try d'ex xaipwv açmalapai, She is snatched out of my hands, literally, I am snatched as to her out of my hunds; Magos ou wiσlevelas any apyny, for nxia Y, A fool is not intrusted as to, or with, the government; 1 Cor. ix. 17, Oinovopiar weniolevμai, I am intrusted with a dispensation. Comp. Rom iii. 2. Mat. xvi. 26. 3. Most Accusatives absolute, as some call them, as 1 Cor. x. 16, † Tov aplov, óv xλwμεν, ουχι κοινωνία του σωματος του Χριστου εστιν; As to the bread which we break, is it not the communion of the body of Christ? So Sophocles, Edip. Tyran. lin 457, Toy ανδρα τουίον, ἐν παλαι ζήλεις—όλος εστιν ενθάδε, As for that man whon you seek of a long time, he is here. Comp. Mat. xii. 36. xxi. 42. Luke xxi. 6. Acts x. 36, 38. 4. Innumerable other Accusatives joined both with Nouns and Verbs, as IIalpida, 'Pauzios, As to, or by, country a Roman; Eidos xaλ210705, Most beautiful as to, or in, form; Axĺew Tyy xɛçaλny, I ache as to, or in, my head. See Bos Ellips. under Kala.

All Verbs in which the action passes from the agent to the object, that is, all Verbs active, and uch as have an active signification, are called transitive, from the Latin transire to pass.

+ The Latins have imitated this construction. Thus Virgil, Æn. i. lin. 577. Urbem, quam statuo, Tetra est. As to the city, which I am building, it is your's.

V. By META after, understood, is governed,

The neuter Participle Accusative, which may be rendered by after that, or when, and a Verb, as Axovebey, it being heard, or after it was heard, i. e. Mɛla тo wṣayμa axovev, After the thing being heard; So Пporlelayuevov, it being ordered, i. e. Mela TO @payμa poolεlayuevov. See Luke xxiv. 47, and many more instances in Bos Ellips. under Mela, and in the following Lexicon under Apxw Il.

VI. By ПIPO to, understood, is governed,

The Accusative of the thing after Verbs of teaching, John xiv. 26. Adaže, jμas waria, He shall teach you all things, for apos wavla. Expressed, Isocrat. Ilaidεvely wрos apεiny, To instruct to, or in, virtue.

GENERAL RULES.

46. Verbs compounded with Prepositions generally govern the same cases as those Prepositions, as Luke xiii. 12, ATOXEXUσαι THS AσDEVELOS, Thou art loosed from thy infirmity; Acts xiv. 22, EμμEVELY TY TIOTEL, To persist in the faith; Mat. xv. 3, ПapabαIVETE THY EVTOλny, Ye transgress the command.

47. Verbs of filling, separating, depriving, estimating, exchanging, absolving, condemning, admonishing, appeasing, besides a Genitive of the more distant Substantive governed by a Preposition understood, and having the signs with, from, of or for before it in English, require an Accusative of the nearer, as Luke i. 53, Ilavwvias (av@swπOUS namely) EVENTE ayadwy, He hath filled the hungry with good things; Demosth. On falous wavσel Tys depens, It will make the Thebans cease from their insolence. Comp. above Rule 36. I. 1. II. 1. VII. 2.

48. Verbs of giving, saying, shewing, comparing, joining, agreeing, contriving, and such like, govern an Accusative of the nearer Substantive, with a Dative of the more distant, which latter may have in English the signs to, for, or with before it, as Eph. iv. 27, Μήτε διδοίε τοπον διαβολῳ, Neither give place to the devil: Herodian, Γυναικι θανατου Enxavalo, He contrived death for the woman.

N. B. Thus have I selected the most common and useful Rules of Government in the Greek language; but these are very far from comprehending all that might be given upon such an extensive and indeed almost inexhaustible subject. Government, in the best writers, is so extremely various, that it seems impossible to reduce it within any certain Rules; and it must be confessed, that it is often different from those here laid down: Nor need the Learner wonder at this, if he will remember, that the cases of Greek Nouns are very often regulated by a Preposition or some other word UNDERSTOOD: Let him, therefore, when he meets with a Noun in a case for which he cannot readily account, diligently consider whether there is not an ellipsis or deficiency of some word, and particularly of a Preposition, by which such Noun is really governed; and he will frequently find the construction cleared to his satisfaction. In making this enquiry, an attention to the above Rules may be of considerable service; and for further information I refer him to the learned Bos's Ellipses, or to the Abridgment of that Work in Dr. Milner's Grammar, p. 175, &c. to the former of whom the Reader is much indebted for what is here delivered on Government.

Of INFINITIVES and PARTICIPLES,

49. The Infinitive is put after Verbs, Substantives, and Adjectives, as in English, thus Βουλομεθα γνωναι, We desire to know; Εξουσιαν YeVerdi, Power to become; Agios xλnnvas, Worthy to be called.

* What a prodigious number of Rules and Observations on Government has the great Dr. Busby collected in his Grammar! But after all I much doubt whether any human abilities-0101 NYN BPOTOI EIZIN—are capable of retaining them, or of applying them any otherwise than by USE.

50. Instead

50. Instead of the Infinitive is frequently used the Participle agreeing with the Nominative case of the preceding Verb, especially with Verbs of persevering, desisting, remembering, knowledge, and affection, as Eravσalo λaλwv, He ceased to speak, or speaking; Μεμνημαι ποιησας, I remember to have done ; Αισθανομαι διαμαξίων, I perceive I was mistaken.

51. The Infinitive mood is often governed by a Noun or Pronoun in the Accusative case going before, to which Noun or Pronoun in English is or may be prefixed the Conjunction that, as Mark x. 49, EITTED autov wund, He ordered that he should be called, or as we also say in English, He ordered him to be called.

52. The Infinitive with the neuter Article To is used as a Noun in all cases, and is often joined with Prepositions, as To gove, Being wise, or wisdom; Ano Toy μaxεodaι, From fighting; Ev T xenodas, In using. Comp. Heb. ii. 15. Luke xxii. 15. Acts xxv. 11. Phil. i. 21. ii. 13. 53. The Infinitive, when thus applied, admits a Noun in the Accusative case before it, as John i. 49, Пeo rou GE DIλITTOV QWvnoas, Before that Philip called thee, or before Philip's calling thee; John ii. 24, Δια το αυτον γινώσκειν πανίας, Because of his knowing all men. 54. A Participle, of whatever Tense, with the Article, is in meaning equivalent to the relative is and the Verb of the same Tense, as O XT, He who asketh; ‘O raλnoas, He who spake.

55. Participles govern the same cases as their Verbs, as Oux EσTI TENS μηδεν έχων, αλλ' ὁ πολλων επιθυμών, He is not poor who has nothing, but he who desires many things. Comp. above Rule 43. and 36. VII. 1. 56. The Verbal Noun neuter in Taov, denoting necessity, admits the case of it's Verb, and moreover a Dative of the agent, as гpaleov suoi ɛmiotoλgy, I must write a letter, or, more literally, There is to be written by me u letter*,

Of the Construction of ADVERBS and INTERJECTIONS.

57. Adverbs govern cases by the force of a Preposition understood. 58. Derivative Adverbs take after them such cases as the words they come from, as AEIOUS TO Yeves, i. e. avli rov, Worthily, i. e. in a manner worthy, of his birth; Κύκλοθεν του θρονου, i. e. από του-, Round about the throne.

59. Many Adverbs of quantity, place, time, cause, order, concealing, separation, number, also Adverbs of the comparative and superlative degrees, are joined with a Genitive, as To oulwr adgy exquer, We have enough of such persons (Ex being understood); Пloppu Tys WoXews, Far from the city; Xwpis avlov, Without him; supply año. Comp. above Rule 36. II. 1. IV. 7.

60. Adverbs which denote accompanying or collecting have a Dative, as 'Aua aulois, Together with them; E015 duo, With the Gods, i. e. assisting; understand the Preposition σuv with.

61. Adverbs of swearing are followed by an Accusative, the Preposition pos by being understood, as Ma Aia, By Juve; Nŋ rov Пλsulwya, By Pluto.

2. Two or more negative Adverbs in Greek deny more strongly, Luke xxii. 18, Ou un www, I will by no means drink; ver. 16, Ouxels ou un payw, I will by no means any

Comp. Lexicon under fan7105.

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