1.

SECT. XX.

Of PREPOSITIONS.

A Preposition is an indeclinable Particle put before (præposita) Verbs in composi

tion, and Nouns in construction.

2. "Most Prepositions originally denote the relation of place, and have been thence transferred to denote, by similitude, other relations."

3. The Prepositions in Greek are usually reckoned eighteen, of which six are of one syllable, is into, ex or ε out of, ev in, apo before, apos to, uv with; and twelve of two syllables, augi round about, avx through, avl instead of, ano from, dia by, ɛrs in, upon, κατά according to, μετα with, παρα from, at, περι concerning, about, ύπερ above, over, υπο under.

4. The Prepositions, and their various uses, both in construction and composition, are so fully explained in the ensuing Lexicon, that I forbear saying any thing more of them in this place, only that app about, concerning, near (not used in the New Testament), is in the Greek writers joined with three cases, the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative.

1.

SECT. XXI.

·Of SYNTAX, and first of CONCORD.

SYNTAX from the Greek word Zulas Composition, is that part of Grammar which teaches how to compose words properly in

Sentences.

2. Syntax may be distinguished into two parts, Concord or Agreement, and Government.

Of the FIRST CONCORD.

3. The Verb agrees with it's Nominative case in Number and Person, as εγω γραφω I write, ανθρωποι λεγουσι men say.

4. The Nominative case to a Verb is found by asking the question who? or what? with the Verb, as in the sentence just given, men, answering to the question who say? is the Nominative case to the Verb say.

5. All Nouns are of the third Person, except such as are joined with the pronouns I, thou, we, or ye.

6. A neuter Noun plural has † generally a Verb singular, as le εγενετο all things were made, ζωα τρέχει animals run.

7. Two

Bishop Louth's Introduction to English Grammar, p. 97, 2d edit. But comp. Encyclopedia Britan nica in GRAMMAR, No. 128, &c.

By no means always; see Mark v. 13. John x. 27. 1 Cor. xii. 25. Jam. ii. 19. Rev. xviii. 23. xx. 12. We may further observe, that Nouns plural, both masculine and feminine, are likewise sometimes, though rarely, joined with Verbs singular in the best Greek writers. Thus Pindar, Ol. 11. lin. 4, 5, Mikiyaguig υμνοι ύστερων αρχαι λόγων τελλεται, The sucet hymns is the prelude to the discourses which followe; Plato, Dva sethätinis azix FuμRoom & Agris, There is not suhe abstain from feasts except the Cretans;

Aristotle,

7. Two or more Nominatives, of whatever Number, generally have a Verb plural, and if the Nominatives differ in Person, of the most *worthy Person, as Ewigua nai nagwes diagegovos, Seed and fruit differ; Εγω και συ τα δικαια ποιήσομεν, I and thou will do right things.

8. A Noun of multitude, though singular in form, may have a Verb plural, as Luke viii. 37, Hpwryσa auтoν άTAY то wλybos, All the multitude asked him. Comp. John vii. 49, and Rule 15, below.

9. A Verb placed between two Nominatives of different Numbers, may agree with either, as Έθνος πολυανθρωπώτατον εστιν, οι εισιν, Αραβες, The Arabians are a most populous nation.

10. The primitive Pronouns, whether of the first or second Person, are generally omitted before a Verb (unless some emphasis or distinction be intended), as ypapw I write, eyes thou sayest.

11. The Nominative case of the third Person is also often omitted, especially before such Verbs as these, λysoi, dari, they say; eiwlaoi, pixsol, they are wont, &c. understand av9pwo men. So before Verbs of nature, as sporinge it thundered, yoтpave it Hightened, i. e. eos God, or apavos heaven.

Of the SECOND CONCORD.

12. The Adjective agrees with it's Substantive in Number, Case, and Gender, as χρηστος ανηρ a good man, καλαις γυναιξί to fair women. 13. The Adjective to a Substantive may be either Noun, Pronoun, or Participle; and it's Substantive is found by asking the question who? or what? with the Adjective, as in the last instance, who fair? answer, women.

14. Two or more Substantives singular generally have an Adjective of the plural Number, and of the most † worthy Gender (if the Substantives differ in Gender,) as Αδελφος η αδελφη γύμνοι, A brother or a sister naked, Jam. ii. 15.

15. A Substantive of multitude, though singular, and of the feminine or neuter Gender, may have an Adjective plural and masculine, as Luke ii. 13, Πλήθος στρατιας ουρανιου, αινουνων τον Θεον, και λεγονίων, A multitude of the heavenly host, praising God, and saying; Luke xix. 37, ‘Awav to mandos xaigones, All the multitude rejoicing. Comp.

Acts v. 16.

16. The Greek N. xenμa, plur. Xeypara, signifying thing or things, is usually omitted, and implied in the neuter Adjective, as xanov ECTIV, it is a good thing. Hence

Aristotle, Ουκ ενεξεφύετο τοις μεν οι τρίχες, τοις δε τα wiege, On some grew no hairs, on others no feathers. The author of the Port Royal Grammar, who produces the passages just cited, accounts for this construction (Book ix. Rule 5,) by observing, that "such expressions are real Syllepses (and the Syllepsis is defined, Book vii. ch. 7, to be a figure which marks some disproportion and disagreement in the parts of a sentence), for, as when we say turba ruunt, the multitude rush, the Verb is put in the plural, because we apprehend a multitude by the word turba; so when we say animalia currit [war] the Verb is put in the singular, by reason we conceive an universality by the word animalia animals, as if it were omne animal currit, every animal runs, or indefinitely animal currit, an animal runs." Thus my author, who shews that similar phrases are used both in the Latin and French language; I add, that so are they likewise in Hebrew; see Joel i. 20. Jer. xxxv. 14, and my Hebrew Grammar, Sect. VIII. 21.

In Persons the first is called more worthy than the second, and the second than the third; or as Mr. Holmes states it, in his Latin Grammar, p. 53, Note, "I and another are we, thou and another are ye; so that the Verb agrees with the first Person rather than the second, and with the second rather than the third."

† Of Genders the masculine is more worthy than the feminine, and the feminine than the neuter. f2

17. A

SECT. XXI. 17. A Substantive feminine is often joined with an Adjective neuter, as Oux ayalon woλuxoipavin, (Homer) The rule of many is not good, or a good thing, xua being understood. Comp. Mat. vi. 25, 34. 2 Cor. ii. 6. + So sometimes a N. masc. as Aristoph. Plut. lin. 203, Aλotatov Eσ9' IIλ8тos, Plutus is a most fearful thing; Longin. De Sublim. sect. 31, OdorioμLOS EOTI EXCAVIOTIXWTEPTY, A common expression is more significant; Herodot. ii. 68, O de τpoxidos elpyvalov di EσTI (where understand (wov) I.

18. So two Nouns, one masculine, the other feminine, are joined with an Adjective neuter plural, as 'Αι δυναστείαι και ὁ πλυτος δια την τιμήν αίρετα, Power and riches are desirable on account of honour.

Of the THIRD Concord.

19. The relative Pronoun, is, n,, agrees with the Substantive to which it refers, called it's Antecedent, in Gender, Number, and Person; and if there be no Nominative case between the Relative and the Verb, the Relative itself will be the Nominative case to the Verb, as Μακάριος εστιν ὁ ανηρ ός ελπίζει, Blessed is the man who hopetl. 20. But if there be some other Nominative case to the Verb, the Relative will, as to Case, be governed by the Verb, or by some other word in the sentence, as Μακάριον το εθνος ου Κύριος ὁ Θεός εστι λαος ἐν EXETO, Blessed (is) the nation whose God the Lord is, the people zehom he hath chosen. In this sentence the first Relative is, as to Case, governed by the Noun Os, (comp. Rule 32.) the second Relative by the Verb To. Comp. Rule 43. 21. But observe that the Relative and Antecedent in Greek are often put in the same case, as EmiCTEUσα-TW 20W (for ¿v) eimer, They believed the word which he spake. John ii. 22. 22. Two or more Antecedents generally have a Relative plural, agreeing in Gender and Person with the most worthy, as Avng nas ... gurn, is aɣanWσI TOV EOV, A man and a woman who love God. 23. A Relative between two Antecedents of different Genders or Numbers may agree with either, as Lucian, Πολεις εισιν ες φωλεος νομίζεις, Those are cities which you take for caves. Gal. iii. 10, Tw σTepμari σe, os EσTI XEITOS, to thy seed, which is Christ. Eph. iii. 13, ταις θλίψεσί με, ήτις εστι δοξα ύμων, my afflictions, which are your glory. 24. Αυτός, δυτος, εκείνος, όσος how many, ήλικος as great, διος of such kind, also ποσο how many, wodros of what number, or &c. woтamos of what country, camλss and Doσaniaσios of how many fold, are sometimes used after the manner of the Relative, as Ελεφανίων εμβρυον (εστι) ἡλικον (εστι) μόσχος, The fetus of elephants is as big as a calf; Xagilouevos o σo avdpi, Obliging such a man as you.

Comp. Lexicon under Agueros.. The Latins have sometimes imitated this construction. Thus, Virgil, Æn. iv. lin. 568, 9.

Fœmina.

-Varium & mutabile semper

† In Longinus, Sect. xxxii. p. 174, edit. tert. Pearce, we even meet with a N. feminine plur. joined with an Adjective neut. sing. 's nλomolov di petapojai, That metaphors are conducive to the sublime,

So in Latin, Ovid,

25. Relatives often agree with their Antecedents, not as to their Gender, but as to their Sense, as Mat. xxviii. 19, 8-avies. Rom. ii. 14, 9v-87o. Col. ii. 19, tqv nepaλry, ε — Rev. xvii. 16. Kspara-8701. So in Latin, Terence, Andr. III. 5, 1, Scelus, qui me perdidit. Horace, Monstrum, quæ-Lib. I. ode xxxvii. lin. 21.

26. The Relative is often put before the Antecedent, especially when in the same case, as John xi. 6. EpIVED EV a NY TOTW, He stayed in the place in which he was. 27. A Verb, an Adjective, or a Relative, sometimes agree with a preceding Infinitive mood, or a sentence; and in such instances the Verb is put in the third Person, and the Adjective or Relative in the neuter Gender, us Ξυρειν τον λεονία ουκ εστιν ασφαλες, Το shear a lion is not safe; Μη μεθυσκεσθε οινῳ, εν ώ (neut.) εστιν ασωτία, Be not drunk with wine, in which (being drunk with wine namely) is profligacy. Eph. v. 18.

Of GOVERNMENT.

28. Government is that part of Syntax which respects the cases of Nouns and Pronouns.

Of APPOSITION.

29. Two or more Substantives belonging to the same thing are put in the same case by Apposition, as Παυλος Αποστολος, Paul un dipostle ; Τιμοθεῳ τεκνῳ, Το Timothy (my) 400; Ασωπός πόλις, the town Asopus.

30. The proper name of a place, particularly of a town, is sometimes put with it's Appellative in the Genitive, as Arywy woxis, the city of Athens.

Of the NOMINATIVve Case.

31. Verbs signifying being or becoming, gesture, and passives of calling, take a Nominative after them as well as before them, as 'H αμαρτία εστιν ή ανομία, Sin is unlawfulness, 1 John iii. 4. Στη δ' ορθος, He stood upright; Αυτοι υιοι Θεου κληθήσονται, They shall be called the sons of God, Mat. v. 9.

Of the GENITIVE.

32. In general where the sign of is or may be put before a Noun or Pronoun in English, that word in. Greek is in the Genitive. 33. The latter of two Substantives with of before it in English is put in the Genitive, as Oinia тov Targos, The house of the father, or The *father's house.

34. The Noun denoting the quality of a substance, or measure of magnitude, after a N. is put in the Genitive, as Avng μeyaλns ageτns, A man of great virtue; Herodian, Avdgias dwdexa annewv, A statue of twelve cubits (high).

Father's in English is the Genitive, as truly as Пapos in Greek, or Patris in Latin. See Bp. Louth's Introduction to English Grammar, p. 24, &c. 35. Ебудь

f 3

35. E to be, when possession, property, custom, business, or duty are implied, is joined with a Genitive, as Пala u σT, All things are God's; OUTOU ESTI CZ, It is the custom of riches to be insolent*. 36. The Genitive case in Greek is very often governed by a Prepo

sition understood.

N. B. This last Rule includes so great a part of the Government of the Greek language, and will so well account for the Reason of it, that it may be proper particularly to illus

trate it.

I. then, By ANTI for, instead of understood, are governed,

1. The Genitives joined with Verbs of exchanging, as Homer, AuESE XPUTEX XXXKEIWY, To exchange gold for brass. A is expressed by Aristotle, Axλatiεcôαι τζίφας avli voμioμatos, To exchange victuals for money.

2. The Noun of Price in the Genitive, as Acts vii. 16, Qvyoaro Alfaaμ Tiμns asyopie, Abraham bought for a sum of money; Пavla wvia wλ818, All things (are) to be purchased for money. Avh is expressed Heb. xii. 16, 'Os avlı ẞpwσews fias anedot● ra apololonia avie, Who for one meal sold his birth-right.

3. Hither may be referred the Genitives joined with Adjectives signifying comparison or worth, and it's opposite, as Homer, Exlopos ağını, Comparable to (i. e. a match for) Hector; Plutarch in Scapula, Tpiwr ağıa raλarlwr, Things worth three talents; Až Tas Savale, Worthy of praise-of death.

II. By AПO from, at understood, are governed,

1. The Genitives joined with Verbs of ceasing, freeing, absolving, abstaining, wanting, differing, separating, driving away, and such like, as 1 Pet. iv. 1, Пeravia TY,S dpaprias, He hath ceased from sin; Euripid. Exevtepw σe ty wove, I free you from this labour; Rom. viii. 32, Ide vie ex speicalo, He spared not his own son. Expressed, Ps. xxxvii. 8, navodi amo ofyns, Cease from wrath; Mat. vi. 13, 'Purai juaj año Te wwv758, Deliver us from the evil one."

2. The Genitives after Verbs of touching, as Mat. viii. 3, Halo aulæ ó Injeç, Jesus touched him. Expressed in LXX of Lev. v. 3, Η αψηται απο ακαθαρσίας ανθρωπο, Or shall touch the uncleanness of a man.

3. The Genitives after Adjectives denoting privation, want, freedom, distance, and the Jike, as Xenoph. Ffynos ovuμaxwv, Destitute of allies; Demosthenes, Exeutepos TWV Tuparvar, Free from tyrants. Expressed, Steph. EXɛubeρos añо Twv Baplapur, Free from the Barbarians, Alvy año avoços σuvesias, Pure from the cohabitation of man. III. By AiA in or by understood; is governed,

The Noun of Time in the Genitive answering to the question when? as John iii. 2, Habe vuxlos, He came by or in the night. Expressed, Acts v. 19, Aia rys vuxios qvoice, He opened in the night.

IV. By EK or EE out of, from, with understood, are governed,

1. The Genitives joined with Verbs of filling, as John ii. 7, Iepirale Tas jdpias idalos, Fill the water-puts with water. Expressed, Mat. xxiii. 25, Eowder de yεusσIV E άρπαγης και ακρασίας, But within they are full of rapine and excess. So John xii. 3. 2. The + Genitive of the Person joined with verbs of hearing, as Acts i. 4, Hxeoate pa, Ye have heard of or from me. Expressed, 2 Cor. xii 6, H axee тi e ɛμ8, Or heareth any thing of or from me.

3. The Genitive joined with Verbs of tasting, as Luke xiv. 24, OuDELS YEUσETAL-T8 Bitive, No one shall taste the supper. Expressed, Job xx. 18, Eta yUTETα, of which

he shall not taste.

4. The Genitives after Adjectives denoting fulness, Mat. xxiii. 23, METTO SOTE UTO

It is manifest that in such expression the N. xua thing, 1995 custom, sgyer business, or the like, are paderstood. Or else this Genitive may be governed of wage from, which is expressed John i. 40.

κρίσεως,