N. B. It would be very proper for the Learner in this place to write out, according to the abore Rules, the Perfect passive γεγραμμαι from γράφω, πεπλεγμαι from πλέκω, πεπλησμαι from πληθω, εσπαρμαι from σπείρω, λελυμαι from row throughout all the Persons and Numbers. Of the Preter-plu perfect, and Moods of the Perfect. into 18. The plu-perfect is formed from the Perfect by changing pa finis and prefixing if the Verb begin with a consonant, as TETUMμ, ετίλυμμην. 19. The Persons of the Plu-perfect are formed after the analogy of the Persons of the Perfect, preserving the terminations as in areluun. 20. So as to the other Moods, the Perfect Imperative derives it's second Person sing. from the second Person sing. of the Indicative, as τείυψαι, τείυψο; λέλεξαι, λέλεξε; nexţitai, xexpioo; it's other Persons from the second Pers. plural, as reluche, Taluplus; τελεχθε, λελεχθώ, κεκρίσθε, κεκρίσθω: Whence also may be deduced the Perfect Infinitive, as exexa, xexpiobal: The Perfect Optative and Subjunctive are most usually formed by the auxiliary ary and w: But sometimes the Optative is formed from the Indicative by changing μαι into μην, as λελυμαι, λελυμένος ετην and * λελυμzy, vo, vío, &c. a, s, o, take, before pyy, as exlapai, exlaiury, aio, allo, &c. Sometimes the Perfect Subjunctive is formed by changing the vowel of the Indicative before ԱԼ, into, as exluzi, ɛxtüp.a. Of the first Aorist. 21. The first Aorist is formed from the third Person singular of the Perfect by changing into a ην, and tenues into their aspirates, and dropping the prefixed consonant, if any, as TTUlar, supon; wunlar, προχθην. 22. Verbs which in the Perfect had changed a into a, resume their e in the first Aorist, as acipaupai, solpary; and those which had cast away, poetically take it again, as Η εκλινίην for εκλιθήν from κλίνω. T 13. Some first Aorists in the penultima have for of the Perfect, as slaptry I was buried, from παπίω, τεθαμμαι; εἴρεφθην I was nourished, from τρέφω, τεθραμμα, το prevent the disagreeable concurrence of aspirates. Comp. pag. 28. Note f. 24. Some first Aorists assume, as euror from usurlar; and some reject it, as εσωίην from σεσωσίαι; and some change η into e, as ευρέθην from ευρηται. Of the First Future.. 25. The first Future is formed from the third Person sing. of the first Aorist by adding σομαι, and dropping the augment, as ετυφθή, τυφθη Coua. (Comp. Rule 8. above) Of the Paulo-post-future. 26. The Paulo-post-future is formed from the second Pers. sing. of the Perfect by inserting ομ before as, as τέλύψαι, τέλύψομαι ; πεπλεξαι, πιπλέξομαι. орь * See more in Port-Royal Grammar by Nugent, p. 162. † Azalea in the N. T. (see Rev. ii. 13. ix. 18, 20. Mat, xvi. 21,) is formed after the same analogy from #nextIn 27. The 27. The Tenses of the other Moods are formed from the correspondent ones of the Indicative, as in the following Table of the cognate or correspondent Tenses in the Passive Voice. Plup. ετείναμην P. post Fu. τελύψομαι 1 Aor. ελυφθήν τυφθήλι τυφθείην 1 Fut. τυφθησομαι τυφθησοίμην συφθήσεσθαι τυφθησομενος 28. N. B. The Learner should repeat this in the same manner as the similar Table in the Active Voice, Sect. X. 57. τυπώ τυπήναι SECT. XII. Of the MIDDLE VOICE of Verbs in Q, and of the DEPONENT Verb. HE Tenses of the Middle Voice are declined after the form of THE the Active or Passive, according to their termination; thus Perf. Mid. τελυπτα is declined like Perf. Act, τέλυφα, ας, ε, &c, and 1 Fut. Mid. τυψομαι like Pass. Pres. τυπομαι, η, εξαι, &c. 2. Here follows therefore A Table of the cognate or correspondent Tenses in the MIDDLE VOICE. 3. N. E. The learner should here repeat all the Persons of every Tense, which he will easily do, if he is perfect in the Terminations of the Active and Passive Voices. 4. But the Terminations of the 1st Aorist, Indicative, Imperative, and Optative, and of the 2d Fut. being somewhat peculiar, may be learned thus : Indic. 1 Aor. Sing. Ελυψ-αμην, ω, ατο. Du. αμεθον, ασθον, ασθην. Ρ1. αμεθα, ασθε, αντο. Imper. r Aor. Sing. Τυψ-αι, ασθω. Du. ασθον, ασθων, Ρ1. ασθε, ασθωσαν 9 Fut. Indic, Sing. * Τυπιουμαι, η, είναι. Du. ουμεθον, ὥσθον, ἄσθενε Ρ1. ουμεθα, εσθε, ουνται. Of the FORMATION of the TENSES in the MIDDLE VOICE. 5. The Present and Imperfect are the same as the Present and Imperfect passive. 6. 7. 8. The first Future ω ομαι, is formed from the first Future active by changing into opas, as τύψω, τυψομαι ; but in the fourth class into ουμαι, as ψαλώ, ψαλουμαι. The first Aorist is formed from the first Aorist active by adding nu, as dufa, dufauns. The Perfect Middle is formed from the Perfect active by taking the Characteristic of the second Aorist for it's own, as τελυφα, τέτυπα ; so λελνα from λυω, ηχοσ from axouw. (Comp. Sect. X. 53. 3.) 9. Perfects active in qua cast off yx, as Teμvw, Teleμnna, Teloμa. (Comp. with Rule 11.) 10. The penultima of the Perfect middle is commonly the same as that of the Perfect active: But if the penultima of the Present have a, a, or a, they are changed thus in the Perfect Middle; a († sometimes) into y, as Saλλw, rełŋλa; as into, as paivo, πέφηνα; εἰ into oi, as πείθω, πεποιθά. 11. Verbs of two syllables, which have a for their only vowel in the penultima of the 1 Fut. active, change ɛ into in the penultima of the Perfect middle, as λɛyw, λɛžw, λελογα; σπείρω, σπέρω, εσπορα; πέμπω, πέμψω, πεπομπα. 12. 13. 14. The Plu-perfect into, and prefixing E a is formed from the Perfect by changing The second Aorist is formed from the second Aorist active by changing ou into ouny, as εξυπον, ευπομην. The second Future is formed from the second Future active by changing w into eva, as τυπῶ, τυποῦμαι. Of the DEPONENT Verb. 15. A Deponent Verb hath generally an active signification, but is declined in some Tenses after the passive, and in others after the middle form, as dexoμa, to receive. *These three Verbs, edw, wiw, payw, do not circumflex their second Future Middle, and are formed 25 φαγομαι, απεστε, εται; Pl. —ομεθείς, εσθε, ονλαι; Infin. φαγεσθαι, &c. Thus εδομαι is distinguished from da, 2 Fut. Mid, of w to sit; but observe it makes it's 2 Pers. sing, edn, Att. des. "The a generally remains, especially when this Preterite would otherwise be confounded with the 1 Áor. active, as Jañzw, ifazna, staλa, and not :↓uña, which is the 1 Aor. active." Port-Royal Grammar, p. 171. The 2d Aorist (as dixony) in these Verbs has often a Passive sense, Pres. Pres. Δέχομαι, 1 Indicat. Imperat. Optative. Pres. Δεχομαι δέχου δεχοίμην Imperf. εδεχόμην 1 Fut. δέξομαι δεξοιμην 1 Apr. εδεξαμην δεξαι δεξαίμην Perf. δεδεγμαι δεξο δεδεγμένος ετην δεδεγμενος ὦ δεδεχθαι Pluperf. εδεδεγμην 2 Aor. 2 Fut. P. P. Fut. δεδέξομαι εδεχθήν δεχθήσομαι Subjunct. δέχομαι δέχεσθαι δεχομενος δεξάμενος δεδεγμένος 16. The following Scheme or Tree will shew at one view how the Tenses of a Greek Verb are derived or branched off from the Theme or Root. Τύπτω, τύψω, τετυφα, τετυμμαι, ετύφθην, τυφθησομαι 4000000000000*+ ΤΥΠΤΩ *0000000000000. N. B. It will be a very useful exercise for the Learner to display other Verbs in the same manner, as of the first class, τερπω λείβω, γράφω; of the second, πλέκω, λεγω, βρεχω, ορύσσω, or —τίω; of the third, ανυτώ, σπεύδω, πείθω, φράζω, τιω; of the fourth, ψάλλω, νεμω, φαίνω, σπείρω, τέμνω. 17. In parsing a Greek Verb or Participle, i. e. in deducing it grammatically from it's theme, the best and most natural way seems to be by naming those tenses and words only, which, according to the above Rules, and the preceding Tree, intervene between the theme and the word proposed, or which are necessary to account for it's form: For instance, if it be required to parse the Verb ruginoslai, 3 Pers. sing. 1 Fut. passive Indicat. of rumlw, let the Learner proceed thus; Turlw, (1 Fut.) Tuw, (Perf.) Talupa, (Perf. Pass.) τείν-μμαι, ψαι, ται, (1 Aor.) ελύφθην, (1 Fut.) τυφθησομαι, τυφθήση, pela. Again, for Turala, 3 Pers. sing. 2 Fut. Indic. middle of TUTIW; TUTIW (2 Aor.) είυπον, (2 Fut.) τυπώ, (2 Fut. Mid.) τυπᾶμαι, τυπῇ, τυπείται. For επεποι6, 3 Pers. sing. Pluperf. Indic. middle of ww, let him say, Пe9w, (1 Fut.) welow, (Perf.) πεπεικα. (2 Aor.) * επιθον (Perf. Mid.) πεποιθα, (Pluperf. Mid.) επέποιθεί, -ES,-. Once more, for axes aλuevos, Particip. Perf. Pass. Masc. Sing. Nominative Case from the compound Verb αποστελλῳ, let him name αποστελλω, (1 Fut.) αποστελώ, (Perf.) † απεσταλκα, (Perf. Pass.) απεσταλμαι, (Particip.) απεσταλμενος. 18. For the manner in which Verbal Nouns are deduced from Verbs, see Sect. VI. 8. 1. VE SECT. XIII. of CONTRACTED Verbs. TERBS ending in aw, sw, and ow are in the Present and Imperfect of all Moods most usually contracted; and hence arise the contracted or circumflexed Verbs; the first kind in w, as, â, from Verbs in aw; the second in , is, i, from Verbs in w; the third in w, ois, o, from Verbs in ow. 2. In these Verbs no Tenses but the Present and Imperfect are contracted, all their other Tenses being formed regularly like Verbs of the third class in w pure, 3. The Rules of Contraction are much the same as in Nouns (see Sect. III. 31.): for 1. In Verbs in aw, if or w follow a, the contraction is into w; if any 2. In Verbs in sw, EE is contracted into ; o into ov. But if a long vowel or a diphthong follows, the contraction is made by droppings. 3. In Verbs in ow, if w or n follows o, the contraction is into w; if , or •, or ou, the contraction is into ov; if any other vowel or diphthong follow 0, the contraction is into o; except in the Infinitive, o into ov, as xgucoεiv, xgurovv, and in the 2d Pers. Pres. Indic. Pass. χρυσή, χρυσου. 4. These Rules would of themselves enable the Learner to give the contracted form of these Verbs from the uncontracted, which latter is declined regularly, as in Tulw. It may, however, be proper to add The second Aorist should here be named because it is necessary to account for the form, i. e. in the present instance, for the Characteristic, of the Perf. Mid. wala. See above 8. + See Sect. X. 32, and 48. |