32. rubro: the Indian Ocean including the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea.

34-38. Cf. 1. 2. 21; 2. 1. 29-36; Epodes 7 and 16.

34. fratrum: cf. Verg. G. 2. 510; Liv. Epit. 79 (the story of a brother slain by a brother in the civil war); two epigrams, Le Maire, Poetae Minores, 2. 258; Lucan, 2. 148.

35. nefasti: gen. with quid.

38. O utinam: 4. 5. 37.

39. diffingas: only here and 3. 29. 47. Here apparently recast, forge anew. Cf. Verg. Aen. 7. 636, and Aloa paoyavovpyós (Aesch. Choeph. 647). in: with diffingas, against.

40. Massagetas: Scythians east of the Caspian.

ODE XXXVI.

A welcome to Plotius Numida (unknown) returned from the west, possibly from the Spanish campaign of Augustus, B.C. 2725. Cf. 3. 14. For similar theme, cf. 2. 7.

1. fidibus: fidicines as well as tibicines were employed at sacrifices (Schol.). Cf. 4. 1. 21-23.

2. placare: does not imply that the gods were offended. Cf. Pater, Marius, Chap. I., 'In a faith sincere but half-suspicious, he would fain have those Powers at least not against him.' Cf. pacem deorem exposcere. debito: cf. obligatam, 2. 7. 17. 3. custodes: cf. 1. 24. 11. n.

4. Hesperia: Italy for the East, Spain for Italy.

3. 6. 8. sospes: of safe home-coming, cf. 3. 14. 10;

(Plat. Gorg. 511. D).

6. dividit: cf. Lex. s.v. I. A. 2. a.

7. Lamiae: cf. Ode 26.

non alio rege:

8. actae: cf. A. P. 173, temporis acti se puero. under the same (fe)rule. Cf. rectores imperatoriae iuventae of Nero's teachers (Tac. Ann. 13. 2). Or rex may mean king of the boys' games (Epp. 1. 1. 59). — puertiae: syncope, cf. 2. 2. 2. n. ; 4. 13. 20. 9. mutatae. togae cf. Pater, Marius, Chap. IV., At a somewhat earlier age than usual he had formally assumed the dress of manhood, going into the Forum for that purpose, accom

:

panied by his friends in festal array.' The toga virilis was assumed in place of the toga praetexta about the age of sixteen. For Latin idiom here, cf. 2. 4. 10. n.

10. Cressa: terra creta (cernere), or chalk, found in abundance at the island Kimolos near Crete, seems to have been called 'Cretan earth' by a popular etymology. Lucky days were proverbially marked with a white line or stone. Cf. Cat. 68. 148; Pers. 2. 1; Otto, s.v. calculus.

11. promptae: cf. 2. 4. 10. n. ; 3. 28. 2.-modus: cf. 1. 16. 2. 12. Salium: for saliarem, cf. 4. 1. 28. Others take it as gen. plur. The Salii, or jumpers, were, so to speak, the dancing Dervishes of Mars. Cf. Livy, 1. 20; Ov. Fast. 3. 387; see their rude chant (Epist. 2. 1. 86, Saliare Numae carmen); Mommsen, Hist., Eng. Tr. 1, p. 294. — The luxury of their banquets was proverbial. Cf. 1. 37. 2; 2. 14. 28.

13. multi

Cf. on

meri: πολύοινος. Cf. 3. 9. 7; 3. 7. 4; 4. 1. 15. Cf. Cic. Fam. 9. 26, non multi cibi hospitem. Damalis: frequent name of girls of her class, evidently from dáμaxis, a heifer. 2. 5. 6. For women and wine-drinking, cf. Catull. 27. 3. 14. Bassum: unknown. -amystide: aμvorí Tíve, draining the cup at a gulp was attributed to the Thracians. The noun ǎuvσTIS (Anacr. fr. 63. 2).

15. Cf. 3. 19. 22.

16. vivax: rhetorically contrasted with breve. Cf. 2. 3. 14. n. 17. putres: cf. Lex. s.v. II. But Enid feared his eyes, | Moist as they were, wine-heated from the feast' (Tenn.).

19. adultero: 1. 33. 9.

20. ambitiosior: etymologically, clinging and climbing. Cf. Catull. 61. 33. 106; Epode 15. 5. Cf. 4. 4. 65. n.

ODE XXXVII.

Song of triumph over the fall of Antony and Cleopatra. Written apparently in the autumn of B. c. 30, when the news of Cleopatra's suicide reached Rome.

Cf. on Epodes 1 and 9; Dio. 51. 6-15; Merivale, 3. 270-276; Propert. 4. 10. 30 sqq.; 5. 6. 63 sqq.; Verg. Aen. 8. 675.

The name of Antony is ignored, as it was in the declaration of war against Aegypt and in the triumph.

The first two lines imitate Alcaeus' song over the death of the tyrant Myrsilus: νῦν χρὴ μεθύσθην καί τινα πρὸς βίαν | πίνην ἐπειδὴ KάTOαve Mupoíλos; fr. 20. One of the earliest poems in Alcaic meter, as shown perhaps by metrical harshness of 5 and 14.

1. pede libero: cf. 3. 18. 15; 1. 4. 7; Catull. 61. 14, pelle humum pedibus. But libero also suggests liberation from fear of the enemy. Cf. Hector's кpητîpa èλeú0epov, Il. 6. 528; Aesch. Ag. 328.

2. Saliaribus: proverbial, as 2. 14. 28, pontificum. Cf. 1. 36. 12; Otto, p. 306.

3. pulvinar: see Lex. s. v., and s.v. lectisternium.

4. erat: variously taken (1) as Greek imperfect of surprise or recognition (cf. on 1. 27. 19), or (2) more simply as rebuke of delay. Cf. Ov. Am. 3. 1. 23, tempus erat, thyrso pulsum graviore moveri, | cessatum satis est, incipe maius opus; Livy, 8. 5, tempus erat . . . tandem iam vos nobiscum nihil pro imperio agere; Ov. Trist. 4. 8. 24, me quoque donari iam rude tempus erat, | tempus erat nec me peregrinum ducere caelum; Her. 6. 4; Tibull. 3. 6. 64; Arist. Eccles. 877. Logically this is somewhat inconsistent with antehac nefas, which favors (1), but in the rapid movement of the ode the exclamatory first strophe may be forgotten. A. and G. 311; III. c. R., interpret, it would be time (if it were for us to do it, but it is a public act).

5. depromere: cf. 1. 9. 7. - antehac: dissyllable. bum: cf. Epode 9. 1.

Caecu

6. Capitolio: the symbol of Roman empire (cf. on 3. 30. 8; 3. 3. 42) menaced by the foul Egyptian. Cf. Ov. Met. 15. 827, frustraque erit illa minata, | servitura suo Capitolia nostra Canopo; Lucan, 10. 63, terruit illa suo, si fas, Capitolia sistro.

7. regina: a doubly invidious title to Roman ears. There was a Brutus once that would have brooked | The eternal devil to keep his state in Rome | As easily as a king' (Shaks. Jul. Cæs.). Cf. 3. 5. 9, sub rege Medo; Epode 9. 12, emancipatus feminae; Propert. 4. 10. 39, scilicet incesti meretrix regina Canopi. . . . Ausa Iovi nostro latrantem opponere Anubin.; El. in Maec. 53. She is

called Regina or Baoiλioσa on extant coins. Cf. Florus, 4.11; Dio. 50. 5. — dementes: transferred epithet. Cf. 3. 1. 42; 1. 12. 34; 1. 15. 33, etc. Virgil's sceleratas poenas (Aen. 2. 576).

8. et loosely placed as 1. 2. 18 and passim.

9-10. The Eunuchs, etc. Cf. Epode 9. 13; Shaks. Ant. and Cleop. 1. 2; Propert. 4. 10. 30; Tac. Ann. 15. 37.

10. virorum: with emphatic scorn.-morbo: like vóros, of base passions. —impotens: with sperare, frenzied enough to. There is no equivalent in modern English. It denotes the weakness of uncontrolled passion. Cf. Shaks. As some fierce thing replete with inmost rage | Whose strength's abundance weakens its own heart'; Tenn. 'Impotence of fancied power'; Milton, 'Will he, so wise, let loose at once his ire, | Belike through impotence or unaware?' Cf. άкрaтýs and impotentia, Epode 16. 62; and Trench, Study of Words, § 70; F. Q. 5. 12. 1, 'O sacred hunger of ambitious minds | And impotent desire of men to reign.'

12. ebria: so μelve, Demosth. Phil. 1. 49. Tenn. has 'drunk with loss.' Cf. 'If, drunk with sight of power, we loose Wild tongues that have not Thee in awe' (Rudyard Kipling, Recessional).

13. Vix una sospes: the escape of barely one ship. Cf. on 2. 4. 10. It was the fleet of Antony that was thus destroyed. Cleopatra fled early in the action, and Antony followed her. Cf. Ant. and Cleopat. 3. 9; Propert. 3. 8. 39, hunc insanus amor versis dare terga carinis | iussit; and Tenn.'s youthful poem, 'Then when the shriekings of the dying | Were heard along the wave, | Soul of my soul I saw thee flying, | I followed thee to save. | The thunder of the brazen prows | O'er Actium's ocean rung; | Fame's garland faded from my brows, | Her wreath away I flung. | I sought, I saw, I heard but thee, | For what to love was victory?'

14. lymphatam: her panic is attributed to Bacchus, author of panic fear, no less than Pan, or rather to her deep potations of sweet Egyptian wine. 'Now no more | The juice of Aegypt's grape shall moist this lip,' she says, in her death hour (Ant. and Cleop. 5. 2). The superstition that the sight of a nymph (lymphae, water-nymphs) caused madness is preserved in the word nympholepsy.

15. veros: as contrasted with the panic alarms of 14. Cf.

Epist. 2. 1. 212, falsis terroribus; Lucan, 1. 469, Vana quoque ad veros accessit fama timores.

16. ab Italia: she had come against Italy, if she had not reached it.volantem: sc. Cleopatra. Cf. Vergil's pelagoque The imaginative transition is easy to the image of the

volamus.

fleeing (flying) dove in the next strophe.

17. adurgens: as a matter of fact, Octavian returned to Italy to quiet a mutiny of the veterans, wintered at Samos, and entered Aegypt only in the following spring. — accipiter: cf. Il. 22. 139; Aeschyl. Prom. 856; Verg. Aen. 11. 721; Ov. Met. 5. 606. For Cleopatra's flight, cf. Verg. Aen. 8. 707-712; Propert. 4. 10. 51, fugisti tamen in timidi vaga flumina Nili; El. in Maec. 47.

19. Horace may have seen the plains of Thessaly white with snow in his travels with Brutus. Winter was the hunting season (Epode 2. 30. n.).

20. daret: sc. Caesar, who was eager to exhibit Cleopatra in his triumph. Cf. Plut. Ant. 78.

21. monstrum: sc. Cleopatram. Cf. Lucan's dedecus Aegypti, Latii feralis Erinnys (10. 58).quae: synesis. generosius : 'fitting for a princess descended of so many royal kings' (Ant. and Cleo. 5. 2).

22. quaerens: with inf. Cf. 3. 4. 39; 3. 24. 27; 3.27.55; 4.1. 12; Epode 2. 70; 16. 16. So Lucret. and Vergil, not, it seems, Cicero. - muliebriter: Velleius, 2. 87. 1, Cleopatra .

-

expers muliebris metus spiritum reddidit; Ant. and Cleo. 5. 2, 'My resolution's placed, and I have nothing | Of woman in me.'

23. ensem: she first attempted suicide with a dagger (Plut. Ant. 79).

24. reparavit : Perhaps 'procured by exchange a place of hiding by her swift fleet' - a tortuous expression for 'sought refuge in remote lands.' Cf. 1. 31. 12. Penetravit, properavit, repetivit, etc., have been proposed. Dio. 51. 6 and Plut. Ant. 69, speak of schemes for taking refuge beyond the Red Sea, etc.

25-32. The construction is awkward. Ausa (participle) fortis and ferocior, with their modifiers, expand the thought of 21-25. -Deliberata morte (abl. abs.) motivates ferocior, fiercely defiant in (by) her resolve to die. (Non) humilis mulier effectively contrasted by juxtaposition with superbo. triumpho belongs