and thoughts in the hour of death were those of a Christian gentleman."

Among the Irishmen who emigrated to Prince Edward, was Daniel Brennan, a poor lad, who, by his energy and perseverance, succeeded in acquiring the profession of a Provincial Land Surveyor, at which he worked for some time, but finally entered into mercantile life in Charlottetown. He became a leading merchant. He married twice, but left no family. He was a Roman Catholic. He died in 1876, aged 80, a very wealthy man.

Owen Connolly emigrated when a mere youth, a very poor man. On his first arrival, he used that old threshing machine, the "flail," amongst the farmers in the settlement. By indomitable pluck and perseverance he gradually pushed himself forward, until he established himself in a large business in Charlottetown. Some years ago he extended his business, and opened a branch establishment in the Town of Souris, King's County, both of which houses he still carries on. He was mainly instrumental in opening a branch of the Bank of Halifax, in Charlottetown, and another branch of the same Bank in Souris. He is one of the wealthiest men in the Province of Prince Edward Island.

He is still alive; a man of about 65 years. He is a Roman Catholic. He is married, but has no children.

Lower Canada was all but exclusively French in its settlements; Upper Canada was dedicated to the sole possession of the U. E. Loyalists, and "German and other foreign Protestants." In 1791, however, we find Edward O'Hara returned for Gaspé, since when Lower Canada has always had an Irish element in its representation. In 1799, Felix O'Hara was appointed "Provincial Judge," at a salary of £200 a year, and among the subscribers to the "benevolence of His Majesty" for carrying on the war with France, was £27 from one Judge O'Hara. The existence of an extensive Irish settlement on the north of the St. Lawrence, between Montreal and Three Rivers, would seem to be indicated by the County of Leinster, with its Townships of Wexford, Kilkenny and Kildare. As the years rolled on, the Irish found their way into Ontario.

The first settler in Clarke was Mr. Richard Lovekin, who, accompanied by his family, left Ireland in the September of 1795, sailing

WOLVES. AN ACQUISITIVE WOOD-MOUSE.

171 from the Cove of Cork. For four months they were tossed on the ocean, the sport of adverse winds. They landed at St. Bartholemew on the 26th of January, 1796, and arrived at New York on the 9th of the following April. In less than a hundred years what progress the world has made, even from the emigrant's point of view! Lovekin, with two hired assistants, went on to Canada to locate his land, leaving his family behind him. He settled, and built his shanty at the mouth of what was afterwards known as Baldwin's Creek. While engaged some distance up the creek in cutting grass for their beds, they heard the distant howling of wolves. Soon the wolves became bolder, and approached within a short distance of them. Becoming alarmed, Lovekin and his assistants pulled for the outlet. As they passed into open water, forty or fifty wolves howled along the bank. Arrived opposite their shanty, they did not land until they had seen the last dusky figure fade into the wooded gloom. They kept up a large fire for the remaining part of the night.

Another incident or two are worth relating. Having built his house and cleared some land, Mr. Lovekin thought of returning for his family. He had, with other money, one hundred and fifty dollars in silver. This, on account of its weight, he determined not to take with him, but to hide it in the hollow of a tree. He put it in a stocking and hung it up in a scooped trunk. When he and his family came "home" the next summer, they found an old bear had made the house his abode during the winter. On going to the tree for his money, he was not a little disappointed to find it gone! His mind hovered round his money, and he haunted the tree, which at last he determined to cut down. the base, hope revived when he saw portions of the paper and stocking cut up fine, forming, together with grass and leaves, a wood-mouse's nest. That wood-mouse was a thief and also a banker in his way. Beneath the nest was the hundred and fifty dollars in the midst of mould and rotten wood.

Lovekin drew his land, took the oath of allegiance, and was appointed chief magistrate of the Home District, which embraced the country, from Cobourg to Toronto.

Another settler was John Burk, the grandfather of one of the members for West Durham. John Burk built his house on the

bank of the lake on the southern portion of the farm owned by his grandson, W. K. Burk. At a later period came the McLaughlins, the Browns and the Spinks, now among the wealthiest farmers in the county. The Township of Cartwright was almost entirely settled by Irish Protestants.

General Simcoe had originally intended that Newark should be the capital of Ontario. But finding that the Home Government did not retain possession of the fort on the American side of the Niagara River, he said: "The chief town of a Province must not be placed under the guns of an enemy's fort;" and having spent a summer prospecting, fixed on the site of Toronto. In 1795, the infant capital contained twelve houses, and the barracks wherein Simcoe's regiment was quartered. In the summer of 1793, shortly after he had fixed on the site for his capital, news came of the surrender of Valenciennes to the allies, under the Duke of York. In honour of the Duke and of the surrender, the place was named York. It was declared the capital of the Province in 1797.

The troubles of '98 led to a large emigration not made up solely of peasants and farmers. "From Ireland," says McMullen, "where the troubles of "98' had left many a hearth desolate, and many a heart seared and crushed with sorrow, came most of the old country people. Better a free land, even though it were the rudest shanty of the backwoodsman in the sad and sombre forests of Canada, than the cottage in old Erin, where any moment the Whiteboy might cruelly thrust the crackling turf into the thatch, or the minions of Castlereagh level its walls to the ground. And thus settlements gradually spread on every side."

In 1799, Robert Baldwin, of Knockmore or Summerhill, in the parish of Carrigaline, near Cork, came to Canada, bringing with him his eldest son, Dr. William Warren Baldwin, who had been practising for a year or two, his youngest son, John Spread Baldwin, still quite a boy, and four daughters. He settled on a farm in the township of Clarke, at the mouth of a creek which has since been known as Baldwin's Creek. Here he remained until about the time of the war, when he came to Toronto, where he died in 1816, and where Dr. Baldwin had already settled, at first practising medicine. After a few years he entered the profession of the law,

THE BALDWINS AND SULLIVANS.

173 to which he devoted himself with great energy. He was for many years Treasurer of the Law Society. In 1803 he married a daughter of Mr. William Willcocks, who had at one time been Mayor of the City of Cork. He had come to Canada some years before, and had done a good deal to promote emigration, having probably been induced to emigrate by his cousin, the Hon. Peter Russell, who held several offices of trust in the Province, who was for a time administrator of the Government, and who had first come to America as Secretary to Sir Henry Clinton.

Dr. Baldwin had five sons, three of whom, however, died young. His eldest son, the Hon. Robert Baldwin, and Mr. W. A. Baldwin, of Mashquoteh, survived him. Mr. John S. Baldwin, the youngest brother of Dr. Baldwin, became a prominent merchant in the place, and left a numerous family, among whom was the late Rev. Canon Edmund Baldwin, of Toronto; also the Rev. Canon Maurice Baldwin, of Montreal; the Rev. Arthur H. Baldwin, of Toronto, and Alderman Morgan Baldwin.

In 1817, Captain, afterwards Admiral Baldwin, another son of Robert Baldwin, of Summerhill, came to Canada, and a few years later, his brother, Captain Henry Baldwin, of the merchant service, followed him,

In 1819, Mr. Daniel Sullivan, of Bandon, and his wife, who was the eldest child of Mr. Robert Baldwin, of Summerhill, came to Canada with a numerous family, among whom were Robert Baldwin Sullivan, afterwards distinguished as politician and statesman, and as a judge of the Court of Queen's Bench; and Dr. Henry Sullivan, afterwards a Professor in the University of King's College, Toronto.

The ordinary and obvious acts of administrative legislation of Canada's early years need not be referred to particularly. A word of pleasure may be uttered that one of the first acts of the Upper Canada Legislature, was to abolish slavery. At first there were no parties, and therefore no opposition, and of course, everything went on well? Not at all. There was, both in Lower and Upper Canada, an irresponsible Executive with all the official arrogance and tyranny, all the nepotism and jobbery which belong to irresponsible power. A weak governor, knowing little about the country, was helpless in the hands of a few leading

individuals. No matter how the popular Assembly voted, the same men would hold power. Both Provinces were under the rule of an oligarchy. Poor gentlemen, half pay officers, the penniless scions of old Irish and Scotch houses, Englishmen of culture with more enterprise than money, came to the Province. Haughty, and unfit for the hardships of the bush, and eminently fit to supply what Canada very much needed, ready pens and educated heads, they naturally got all the public offices, and as naturally gave themselves the airs of an aristocracy, with a double claim on men's homage, the blue blood claim and the bureaucratic. This Government class acted together and intermarried, and drew to themselves privileges and advantages, and so the foundation of party was laid. One set of the community had special favours given it, which were resented and envied by the rest of the community. Lieber says, with justice, that where there are no great grounds of division, party is apt to degenerate into faction. Canada for some years at all events was to be saved from this danger.

Simultaneously in Lower and Upper Canada we see signs of political life. At a dinner which was given at Montreal at the end of March, 1805, in honour of those members who had spoken in favour of British principles of taxation, toasts were proposed and drunk in honour of the members who were "friendly to constitutional taxation," and opposed to a tax on commerce for building gaols, as contrary to "the sound practice of the parent State." One of the toasts was directed at "local prejudices." Another ran :-"Prosperity to the Agriculture and Commerce of Canada, and may they aid each other as their true interest dictates by sharing a due proportion of advantages and burthens; " another: "The City and County of Montreal, and the Grand Juries of the District, who recommended local assessments for local purposes." These resolutions seem not only harmless but wise. They touched however, a majority of the Assembly on the raw. After the prorogation of Parliament they were printed in the Montreal Gazette. Nevertheless, they were taken into consideration the following session. On March 6th, 1806, it was resolved that the Gazette contained a false, scandalous and seditious libel. The president of the banquet having escaped to