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district, and speak of it as at the site. A monument now marks where the tree stood, by the east side of the present Beach Street above East Columbia Avenue.

Of those Indians present at the Great Treaty, the names of seventeen are disclosed, as signers or witnesses of the deeds of June 23 and June 25, 1683.

The best known of the seventeen, and, in fact, of all Delawares is Tammany, or, more correctly, Tamanen (spelt also Taminent), whose virtues James Fenimore Cooper has perhaps exaggerated, and whose name with the prefix "Saint" is borne by a political organization, of which a wag may say that the totem is a tiger. It is not to be presumed, however, that Tamanen was the presiding "King," or the speaker, mentioned in Penn's account of the conference. Tamanen with Metamequan claimed on June 23, 1683, only a piece of ground on the Neshaminy towards the Pemmapecka (Pennypack) smaller than the piece of Essepenaike and Swanpees; but, by 1697, Tamanen had acquired greater authority, for in that year, he, as a sachemaker, joining with Weheeland, his brother, and Weheequeckhon, alias Andrew, who was to be King after Tamanen's death, Yaqueckhon, alias Nicholas, and Quenamequid, alias Charles, Tamanen's sons, confirmed all land between said creeks from the River Delaware "as far as a horse can travel in two summer days," even between straight lines beyond where the creeks forked.

Menangy, or Menanget, whose presence at Perkasie when Penn spoke there to the Indians has been mentioned, appears as Menane, a witness to two of the deeds of June 23, 1683.

The Hetkoquean spoken of as being at Perkasie, evidently the same as Hithquoquean and Heteoquean, was an important chief, about the time of Penn's second visit. He would seem to have been the Idquoquequon who was one of the grantors of the eastern end of Bucks County, and the Icquoquehan who joined

Secane on 5, 14, 1683, in conveying the land lying, according to the Archives, along the west side of the Schuylkill beginning at Conshohocken and "thence by a westerly line" to Chester Creek. Hittoken, as the scribe set down the name of a witness to a deed of June 23, was clearly Hetkoquean.

Prominent as Menangy and Hithquoquean afterwards became, the most important grantors known to have been at the Treaty besides Tammany, were Essepenaike, Swanpisse, and Sahoppe. There are several mistakes in the printing in Penna. Archives, 1st Series, Vol. I, of the deed of Aug. 1, 1682, for the eastern end of Bucks County and its endorsement. The original is preserved by the Historical Society. The name of one of the right owners, misprinted "first owners," of certain land is not Eytepamatpetts, but Essepamarhatte, evidently the same as Essepenaike. Essepenaike and Swanpisse conveyed their share, greater than Tamanen's, on the Neshaminy on June 23, 1683; and Essepenaike came again in September to witness Kekerappan's deed, and was also one of the sachemakers and "right owners" who, in 1685, conveyed all the land from Chester Creek to Duck Creek, extending in depth from the Delaware as far as a man can ride in two days with a horse. Swanpisse, or Swanpees, was one of those who conveyed to Penn before the latter's arrival the eastern corner of Bucks County, bounded on the south by the Neshaminy, besides being so important a personage on the other side of that stream. Sahoppe, or Enshockhuppo, or Shakahoppoh, was another who joined in the deed for the eastern end of Bucks County. He witnessed deeds of June 23, 1683, and shortly afterwards his jurisdiction extended across both the Neshaminy and the Pennypack back of the Jericho and Conshohocken range; he joining in one grant from Chester Creek to the Pennypack and also in a grant from the Pennypack to the Delaware above

the Jericho Hills, which latter grant gave rise to the notorious Indian Walk, to be mentioned in a later chapter. Richard, or Mettamicont (the Indian name being sometimes written Metamequan), joined in one deed, and witnessed two others, of June 23, 1683, and surrendered his land on the Delaware on both sides of the Pemmapecca, or Pennypack, a year later.

Kekerappamand (misprinted as Peterappamand), who joined in the aforesaid endorsement dated Aug. 1, 1682, was evidently Kekerappan (misprinted in body of deed with for r), described as of Opasiskunk, evidently Passyunk, who made a deed on 7, 10, 1683, for the half on the Susquehanna side of all his lands between the Delaware and the Susquehanna, promising to sell on returning from hunting in the following Spring the other half as reasonably as other Indians had sold "in this river." This he seems to have done, in part at least, by joining in 1685 in the conveyance of the land on the Delaware from Chester Creek to Duck Creek.

Machaloha, whose deed to Penn of October, 1683, is in bad preservation, and who also joined in the conveyance of the land from Chester Creek to Duck Creek, rather exceeded Kekerappan in claims, being called, in October, 1683, owner of the land on Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and up to the Falls of the Susquehanna River. He seems to have been the same person as Ocahale, or Owehela, living afterwards on the Christiana, and, if so, is one of the few Delaware sachemakers whom Penn saw who can be traced for more than about five years.

In 1685, four Indians, including some before mentioned, conveyed to Penn by bargain with SurveyorGeneral Holme both sides of the Schuylkill above Conshohocken from Chester Creek to the Pemmapecka as far northwestwardly as two full days journey, and thirteen other sachemakers and right owners, three of

whom have just been named, conveyed the west side of the Delaware from Chester Creek to Quing Quingas, or Duck Creek, backwards "as far as a man can ride in two days with a horse."

Apparently, such Delawares as were represented by the before-mentioned sachemakers could migrate or make peace or war as they pleased until about the time of Penn's second visit, and then bodies not small enough to be overlooked probably agreed to pay tribute to the Five Nations. Any earlier "conquest" left them quite autonomous.

A considerable number, rather from the central part of the land which had been bought by or for Penn, i.e. from nearest the capital town or its liberties, had moved up the Schuylkill to within the present limits of Berks County by the beginning of 1690, Capt. Cock and others then going thither to reassure the "chief sachem of our Indians" of the good intentions of the Pennsylvanians. Menangy, who was among the Delawares about to be mentioned as waiting upon Markham in 1694, was at the time, or became soon afterwards, the head of the Indians on the Schuylkill.

Within a few years after the purchase of the land between Chester and Duck Creeks, Penn, writing from England, if not, indeed, his Commissioners at the time of the purchase, regranted, for at least temporary occupancy, a mile on each side of the Brandywine from the mouth up to the forks, and thence up the west branch to the head. On 7, 5, 1691, six Indians, of whom the names are hard to identify with those printed as signing the deed of 1685, acknowledged receipt of full payment for the land between Chester and Duck Creeks "according to a certain deed signed by us unto William Penn," and the minutes of 7th month 19, say that on said 5th of the month, the Indians, after being paid, desired that the Brandywine Creek might be opened in order that the fish could go up, according to the

contract with the Proprietary, and thereupon a letter was sent to the County Court at New Castle to take course according to law. The writing which the Indians alleged to have made the grant was destroyed in the burning of a cabin, and there was no copy. In 1706, on the Indians insisting that the grant was of absolute ownership forever, the Commissioners bought from them the lower part of the strip, as far as a certain rock on the west branch in Newlin Township for 1007., paying down 731. In 1725, Checohinican, or, Checochinican, was a leading sachem in the neighbourhood. In that year, several of the tribe appeared before the Assembly, and claimed part of the tract formerly of the Society of Traders, bought by Newlin, and Governor Keith issued an order for the demolition of certain dams and weirs interfering with the fishing. In 1726, the Land Commissioners, on further complaint, paid the balance of the 100l., and gave Newlin some land in exchange. A law about this time was passed by the Assembly of the Lower Counties for keeping the dam of the mill on said Creek in New Castle County open during the fishing season, authorizing the Sheriff to throw down the dam: in March, 1727, on complaint of the Indians, the Sheriff was ordered to carry out the law. Up the stream, Indian privileges required attention in 1729: Checochinican complained, that, contrary to a writing by Newlin agreeing not to disturb the Indians, the land had been sold, and they were forbidden to use the timber for building some cabins, and further that the town at the head of Brandywine had been surveyed for James Gibbons and others, who were expecting a conveyance from the Commissioners of Property. This would indicate that some of the tribe had gone as far as the present Honeybrook Township. J. Smith Futhey and Gilbert Cope, in their History of Chester. County, have located an Indian village in the present Wallace Township, where Indiantown School House

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