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property of the Tories. The Assembly in the Act showed after all a kindly spirit. It was impossible to compensate the Penns with any equivalent: but, lest John Penn, son of Thomas, and John Penn, son of Richard, reduced to the position of well-to-do gentlemen, were not sufficiently provided for, there was voted to the heirs and representatives of Thomas and Richard Penn, deceased Proprietaries, the sum of £130,000 stg., payable after the end of the war. The money was duly paid and accepted. In consideration of the loss not thereby covered, the British government for over one hundred years paid to the representative of the Proprietaries an annuity of £4000, and then commuted it for a principal sum.

CHAPTER IV.

THE RED NEIGHBOURS.

The Lenni Lenape, or Delawares, and early purchases from them-Penn's Great Treaty: time, place, and some of the participants-Subsequent deeds-Further account of the Delawares until 1701-The Iroquoian Five Nations-The Minquas, or Susquehannocks, or Andaste-Dealings to acquire for Penn the Susquehanna Valley-Recognition of the Five Nations as Subjects of England -The Pascatoways, or Ganawese, or ConoysThe Shawnees-Treaty of 1701 with Minquas, Shawnees, Ganawese, and Emperor of Onondagas -New York Treaty with Five Nations for peace with all the English colonies-The NanticokesThe Tuscaroras-Small expense of intercourse with Indians.

The extensive literature on the subject of those commonly called the aborigines of the northern part of the United States, particularly the Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexico, which is Bulletin 30 of the American Ethnological Bureau, obviates any need of filling these pages with an account of the ideas or customs of that fraction of mankind, or the movements, except in a limited time and space, of the political or family divisions thereof. Various tribes or parts of tribes had relations with the Colony of the Penns during the period of this history, some of them separated by language as widely as the Latin and Teutonic Europeans. Most of the dialects have been grouped as Algonquian or Iroquoian, and whoever spoke one of these as his forefathers' tongue has been called an

Algonquin or Iroquois, from the names of certain small tribes with whom the French came early into contact. It is more phonetic in English to spell the former name Algonkin, and more scientific to speak of the other group as the Huron-Iroquois, because the Hurons, although constantly at war with the Five Nations, were their kindred.

Between those tribes where the "untutored" of one could to some extent talk with those of another, it is hard to state the exact degree of relationship, owing to the occasional adoption of a conqueror's language, and owing to the figurative use of the titles "Fathers," "Uncles," "Brothers," "Cousins," &ct. Even when not dependent upon forefathers' tradition among such illiterate people, but set down by Europeans living near the time and place of events, Indian history presents great difficulties in the exaggeration in the talk of such poetic children of the forest, and the doubtfulness in identifying tribes migrating far, and designated by the French, Dutch, Swedes, English, Algonquins, and Iroquois respectively by names not always the translation, phonetic equivalent, or corruption of those given by others. Mere similarity of names may mean at most similarity of characteristics or of the natural features of place of residence. The variations in the following pages in the spelling of the names of individuals will show the difficulty the English scribes had in catching and representing the sound, how often soever repeated to them.

As the pioneers of Virginia had to face Algonquins forming the Powhatan confederacy, and the New Englanders had to face Algonquins called Pequots, Narragansetts, &ct., the Europeans in the intervening land, except those who contemporaneously saw the Susquehannocks, came into contact with Algonquins first as far as known. These Algonquins were such as spoke of themselves as Lenni Lenape (in some dialects Nenni

Nenape or Renni Renape, 1 and n and r being alternating letters), but the English called them Delawares, after the English name of their southern river or its bay. Howard M. Jenkins, in Pennsylvania Colonial and Federal, has given quite a description of these Indians. The reader will find annotated with a translation and a vocabulary what purports to be their epic, the Wolam Olum, in Dr. Daniel G. Brinton's The Lenâpé and their Legends.

With the northernmost Delawares, the people of the stony land or mountains, spreading to the Catskills, this history has little to do, although their name, Minsi or Munsey (hence Muncy), was preserved through later Colonial times. Their totem was the wolf. The French called the Delawares who went in the 18th century to the northwestern part of Pennsylvania "Loups," either because the advance guard of the Delawares crossing the Alleghany Mountains had that animal as their totem, or because they were classified with the Mohicans, an Algonquin tribe, formerly of New England, but afterwards mostly dwelling near the Delawares, the name Mohican resembling the Algonquian word for wolf, although Brinton suggests a different meaning. To the middle group, the dwellers in or about southeastern Pennsylvania, was given the name Unami, evidently represented in maps and records by Armewamen and Ermewarmoki; while the southernmost Lenape were called Unalachtigo, of which name some have seen Nanticokes as a form. As the Delawares have been spoken of in tradition as a confederacy, they may have been the Atquanachukes-in other words, confederates or mixed people-appearing northeast of the Chesapeake in Captain John Smith's map, while possibly a mixture of the subdivisions of the Delawares may have been the Aquauachuques, or Aquanachuques, in New Jersey in Nicholas J. Visscher's map, published before 1660.

There was a tradition that, some time in the 17th Century, the Delawares were tricked by the Iroquois of the Five Nations into assuming the position of women, that is acting as peacemakers, and so becoming non-combatants. Eshleman would fix the date about 1617. The evidence for the story does not necessarily cover other Delawares than the Minsi; and against it, and particularly against an early date, Jenkins shows that down to 1680 the Minsi were holding their own against the Five Nations, and he suggests that the submission to the latter probably took place soon afterwards, as the result of defeat, although the form of according them an honorable rank may have been followed.

Certain small tribes which appear to have been, or have been proved to have been divisions of the Delawares, lived before the time of this history in what is now the state of Delaware and the Pennsylvania counties of Delaware, Chester, Philadelphia, Montgomery, and Bucks. Various items concerning them seem inconsistent with their being in subjection to any Iroquois nation, or even being non-combatants. Capt. John Smith placed on the extreme east of his map, within what is now New Castle County, two villages, Chickahokin to the south, and Macocks to the north. The Chickahokin, or Chickelaki, have been supposed to have been then or afterwards about where Wilmington now stands. The Ockanickon Indians in 1679 (Penna. Archives, 2nd Series, Vol. VII, p. 854) claimed to be chief owners of the land near the Falls of the Delaware. Both names, Chickahokin and Ockanickon, sound like Okehocking, the name applied to certain Indians who removed from their settlements near Ridley and Crum Creeks before 10mo. 15, 1702. On that date, a warrant was issued to survey for Pokias, Sepopawny, Muttagooppa and others of the nation 500 acres of the Proprietary's land near the head of Ridley Creek, formerly

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