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ground of one of the charges in the unsuccessful impeachment of him. Kidd sailed from Plymouth, England, in May, 1696, and, coming to New York, and offering no pay but a share in profits, increased his crew, and thence, in September, went to attack pirates at Madagascar. Finding none there or off Malabar, he was pretty much necessitated to plunder, to provide for his men. So great were their depredations, real and reported, that in less than two years the English government issued, on Dec. 8, 1698, a proclamation offering pardon to all guilty of piracy in certain waters who should surrender themselves before April 30, 1699, except Kidd and Every.

Most of Kidd's men had retired from his service after his chief captures. A large number, bringing considerable possessions, took passage on a vessel under Captain Shelley, sent out by New York merchants to trade with Madagascar, in reality with the pirates there. On May 29, Shelley, with his well laden ship, arrived in Delaware Bay, and, having started a few of these passengers to go where they pleased in a sloop, carried to the western shore twenty others, and to Cape May fourteen or sixteen. Quary managed to have a number captured. Two, John Eldridge and Simon Arnold, were taken on the River with chests containing coral, amber, and manufactured Eastern goods, Arabian and Christian gold, and about 7800 Rix dollars. These men, Quary put into the jail at Burlington, New Jersey, as a more secure hold than that in Philadelphia. The Pennsylvania Council deemed illegal and insulting his action in sending outside for confinement those whom he or his deputy Snead had arrested within Penn's jurisdiction. Upon Quary's discovering that Robert Bradinham (called Brandingham in the Minutes of Council), who had been Kidd's surgeon, and William Stanton, also of Kidd's company, were in Philadelphia, Markham gave Quary two constables,

who arrested those two. Markham seized what could be found of their money and goods, rejecting Quary's claim to have the same taken into the Admiralty's custody. Markham refused to press a vessel into service, and to give Quary forty men to capture Shelley's ship, anchored near Cape Henlopen. Governor Basse of the Jerseys had a sloop manned, and with it secured in the lower part of the Bay four of those who had landed at Cape May. Three of the four surrendered themselves. The four confessed, but all their goods had been sent away. All of the six who thus came into West Jersey custody were speedily admitted to bail by Quaker Justices there. Arnold's name does not appear in subsequent papers examined.

Kidd sailed back to North America, secreting most of his treasure on its shores or on the way thither, hoping that some quibble or bribe or the friendship of Lord Bellomont would secure immunity from punishment. Making for New York or New England, Kidd in a sloop with about forty men and much booty, came within the Capes of Delaware Bay in June, 1699, close upon the heels of Shelley, the sloop being supposed to be one which Basse had descried. Kidd remained more than ten days. He sent his boats ashore every day, and was supplied with what he needed by the old pirates and other inhabitants at Whorekills, some going constantly aboard Kidd's sloop, and dealing with him, bringing ashore muslins and other East Indian goods. It is not likely that he trusted such people sufficiently to bury anything in the vicinity. Getting into communication with Lord Bellomont, Kidd received from the latter a promise of safety, if innocence should be shown, and was thus induced to land at Boston, where Bellomont was; but Bellomont, smarting under the imputation that he had expected Kidd to turn pirate, and failing to get information where the treasure had been left, and fearing that Kidd would slip away, put Kidd in

jail, and then sent him with others accused of piracy to England.

Bradinham and Stanton were not admitted to bail, but remained in the custody of Sheriff Claypoole aforesaid, who on hot days allowed them to walk in the streets with a keeper. This being criticized, the Sheriff, on August 8, was told to keep them close prisoners. On December 22, Bradinham complained in a petition that he was confined in a low room without fire, and for want of money to support him, and asked for a warmer room and a little of his own money in the hands of Markham, who had just been superseded: Markham was thereupon ordered to allow 12s. a week for Bradinham's subsistence; but Bradinham, as will be seen, had money in concealment, in the hands of his friends. Stanton escaped, probably after Penn arrived. Outlawry was proclaimed, and probably it was for this escape that Penn turned the Sheriff out of office. Claussen disappears from notice, probably producing the all-important record of his acquittal.

The narration of the secular affairs of the Province and Territories will now be suspended, leaving the pirates in their fear of a certain kind of suspension; and the contemporary introduction or establishment of certain non-Quaker religious bodies and something of their subsequent history, will be set forth in a chapter bearing the name of the denomination long the most important.

CHAPTER XI.

THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND.

Clause in Penn's patent-The Non-Jurors Bp.
Compton-Starting of Christ Church, Philadel-
phia-Union congregation of Baptists and others
at "Barbados store"-Separation therefrom of the
First Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia-
Ministers at Christ Church-Services elsewhere
-George Keith's career after taking orders—
Rev. John Talbot-Assistance from Swedish min-
isters-Church edifices-Further history of Bap-
tists-Further history of Presbyterians-Conse-
cration of Welton and Talbot as bishops-Their
subsequent course-Powers conferred on Bp. Gib-
son-Various country churches-Enlargement of
Christ Church-Rev. George Whitefield-Naza-
reth, Penna., and the Philadelphia building with
free school project-History of Christ Church
continued-Calvinistic Methodists in England
and Wales organized-Whitefield's
visits to Pennsylvania.

subsequent

Probably from the time that the English took possession of the town of New Castle, in October, 1664, stipulating that all the conquered should as formerly enjoy the liberty of their conscience in Church discipline, there was always some person on the western shore of Delaware River or Bay who acknowledged belonging to the Church of England; and probably there were very soon quite a number. Except when the contrary is known, the officers appointed by the Crown may be assumed to have been Conformists at home, and even if not zealous, yet ready to enroll themselves

at any mission which the English authorities would inaugurate. The possessions in America were supposed to be attached to the see of London, until the Attorney-General and Solicitor-General of England gave the opinion, in 1725 or 1726, that ecclesiastical jurisdiction over America did not belong to any bishop in England, but was solely in the Crown by virtue of the King's supreme headship. Rev. John Yeo appears to have been the first clergyman of the Church who as such officiated in Pennsylvania or Delaware, he coming from Maryland in December, 1677, with his letters of ordination and his license from the Bishop of London, and holding services for some months during the following year. For about eighteen years after this, if there was, indeed, any Anglican presbyter in the region,-Yeo was in Maryland about 1683,-there appears to have been no public use of the Anglican liturgy in Pennsylvania or Delaware, except possibly an isolated ceremony. It is probable that such non-Quakers as were desirous of attending divine worship, or had occasion, for instance a wedding or a baptism, for a clergyman, accepted the ministrations of Swedes, instead of going or sending to another colony. The Charter to Penn contained a requirement, however, that any preacher or preachers approved of by the Bishop of London should be allowed to reside in the province whenever twenty inhabitants expressed a desire to the Bishop that such be sent. This clause was inserted at the request of Dr. Compton, Bishop of London at that time. After the adoption of the Charter, he was intrusted by his fellows of the Committee for Trade and Plantations with the preparation of a bill for establishing the Protestant Church in Pennsylvania. Penn was opposed to anything like an establishment, and the measure came to naught. Penn says in a letter of 1700 (Penna. Archives, 1st Series, Vol. I, p. 141): "The Bp. of London at the passing of my

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