tained twenty as a present from King James. It would be interesting to identify these. It may be confidently asserted that they welcomed the diversion to Penn's dominions, and obtained with their safety a fair position in life: and the same may have been the fate of several runaways, who came certainly "to have greater privileges" than where they had been residing. So the exceptions to the Assembly's generalization were few.

On the other hand, Fox's only visit to the Delaware was in 1672, Barclay never saw it, Penn can not truly be called a settler, and, as a rule, the wealthiest and the most important Quakers did not transfer themselves to this "land of promise;" in fact, as we learn from Hugh Roberts's letter to Penn (Penna. Mag. Hist., Vol. XVIII, p. 205), many Friends disapproved of the movement. The richest of the Quakers who came were probably Robert Turner, some time a merchant in Dublin (ancestor of the Rawle family), Samuel Carpenter, some time in the West Indies, and Edward Shippen, some time a merchant in Boston. Turner and Carpenter were among the first purchasers, and came in the earliest years of William Penn's rule: Penn agreed in 1690 to sell to Shippen for 100l. about 250 acres adjoining Philadelphia on the south, nearly all of which afterwards descended to his family, but he did not come until in or after 1693, in which year it is said that a meteor had been seen in Boston, and had been interpreted by some inhabitants as a Divine warning to be more active against Baptists and Quakers, so that Shippen felt that it would be pleasanter outside of Massachusetts. Turner was perhaps less rich than Carpenter or Shippen: Carpenter was ultimately obliged to sacrifice much property: while Shippen, "the biggest man," and afterwards celebrated for "the biggest house and the biggest coach," was hardly exalted much above ordinary men of property by the fortune of 10,000, which he is said to have brought on arrival,

multiplied as was in those days its present purchasing value. Thomas Lloyd, for whom a royal descent has been traced, had no prestige on account of it. In prominence as an apostle of the doctrines, George Keith alone of the settlers could be classed with Fox, Barclay, and Penn. Thus there came men who had lived at one time under the English Commonwealth, pious, self respecting, and, except when indentured as servants, independent, all, including many of their "help," sprung from early surroundings of no great variety, none looked up to except for their "gift" of the ministry, and such really of secondary importance in the sect at large. To be sure, counting both the Quakers and non-Quakers, the settlers of Pennsylvania in Penn's day above the grade of day laborers averaged as high in the matter of original worldly station as the emigrants above the grade of day laborers to other parts of the United States. A different impression may have been received from particular items, and from the talk about the "cavaliers" of "the Old Dominion" and the lords of manors in the land of the "Knickerbockers" and the religious exiles among the progenitors of the Carolina "chivalry:" but it should be borne in mind that nearly every lord, baronet, and knight who went to Virginia died without issue male, that the prefix "van," which looks so much like the aristocratic "de" or "von," was used in America as a rule to introduce the name of the place from which the immigrant came, instead of the estate of his ancient ancestors, and that the Huguenots who crossed the ocean except a few petty "seigneurs" were tradespeople or mechanics. It can be shown that the immigrant ancestor of nearly every one of the first families of those colonies where subsequently there was a following of fashion, had his equal among those contemporaries whose children or grandchildren came to the region of Quaker plainness. Yet the summary can be made that the emigrants from the British Isles

hither, except some Welsh gentlemen of little or no estate, nearly all came from a worldly station one or more degrees below the poorer gentry.

Thanks to the political and religious excitation in every British community and the number of schools partly free within reach, mental development and literary information were not engrossed by those in higher station. A lower class had produced John Bunyan and Cardinal Wolsey; while Shakspeare could not, if Bacon could, be said to have belonged to a higher. No small number of polemic and didactic pamphlets came from the ranks of the Quakers; and even such a mere local celebrity as Caleb Pusey, in an answer to George Keith, wrote like a great theologian. The first printing press in the part of the world between Massachusetts and Mexico was set up in Philadelphia, before this history opens. The printer was William Bradford, a Quaker from Yorkshire, who had worked for Andrew Sowle in London. In Bradford's pamphlets appear Greek and Hebrew letters. While many of the Welsh who came over were physicians, a number of the English were schoolmasters, and it was a time when Latin and Greek and Hebrew were more commonly studied in schools than at present. Of course, there were not the same number of matriculates of English colleges as had gone to New England as Puritan divines two or three generations before. Nevertheless, some of the early Friends in Pennsylvania, were graduates of colleges in the British Isles, and had been ministers of non-Quaker congregations. An exmonk, John Gray, alias Tatham, of the Benedictine congregation at St. James's, came over, and joined Charles Pickering and others in obtaining a survey of ore lands. The King ordered Gray to return. Penn declared the survey irregular, perhaps because contravening the rule to keep the ore land for the Proprietary. Penn was accused, by those who wished to prove him

a Papist in disguise, of having the aforesaid ex-monk kidnapped and taken over to England, to be delivered to those whom he had forsaken. However, he declared Penn not guilty, and returned to Pennsylvania before Oct. 20, 1688, and was afterwards an important man in New Jersey, where he lived with a wife Elizabeth. A son survived him. While the Established Churches of the Old World had institutions of learning, and the anti-prelatists of New England had Harvard College, the Society of Friends did not train young men for the profession of preaching; so the scholars in divinity in Pennsylvania and Delaware were to be looked for among non-Quakers. In fact, the immigrants or sojourners from Continental or Scandinavian Europe included most of the men who had taken any University

course.

The Quakers, moreover, tried to adjust disputes between one another, the Meetings hearing and acting upon complaints against a member, even by persons not in good standing in the Society, and it was a violation of Gospel order to obtain satisfaction at law, unless private appeal to the delinquent and the decision of examiners appointed by the Meeting had been in vain. So the Quakers rather looked askance at those who argued in court. We know of a Welsh attorney, Griffith Jones, in Kent County, with the reputation of an orator, evidently the person of that name who headed a petition to Sir Edmund Andros (Penna. Archives, 2nd Series, Vol. VII, p. 815), closing with the words: "That age may crowne your Snowy haires with Cæsar's honours and with Nestor's yeares." There was contemporary with him another Griffith Jones, a merchant in Philadelphia, who was a Quaker. When, in 1695, the Churchmen of the province got up a petition to have the services of a minister and the right to arm for defence, the Welsh attorney Griffith Jones was supposed to have written the petition, so he was probably

a Churchman. At that time there seem to have been but two other lawyers in Penn's dominions, viz: John Moore, a Churchman, and David Lloyd, who had read at the Temple, and who, Gov. Gookin relates, had been bred under Lord Jefferies, but, marrying in Pennsylvania, had turned Quaker. Burton Alva Konkle has prepared a Life of David Lloyd, to which the reader is referred when the account in this book of Lloyd and his political party and their labors does not seem exhaustive or sufficiently laudatory. What grade Moore or Lloyd had in their profession at home, we do not know. About a half a dozen persons trained to the law came over about the time of Penn's second visit. Finally, Acts of Assembly made provision for a body of attorneys admitted by the courts to practise.

Those non-Quakers who might have claimed to be the patricians of the immigration in Penn's time were mostly his relatives or connections or the companions in arms of his father, glad to get public office or a cheap habitation. Of the Quakers or non-Quakers who came before 1688, several had been captains in the navy: William Markham, the first Deputy Governor, William Crispin, one of the three commissioners appointed on Sep. 30, 1681, and Thomas Holme, the first SurveyorGeneral. There was also Major Jasper Farmer from Ireland (see early editions of Burke's Landed Gentry). Farmer, who is said, probably incorrectly, not to have reached our shores, died in 1685. He and his son Jasper, who had bought together 5000 acres, received a patent in 1684 for land fronting upon the Schuylkill, covering the greater part of what is now Whitemarsh Township, Montgomery County. Having brought over a number of servants, the family long lived there. About the time of Penn's second visit, Robert Assheton, of Salford, Lancashire, whose mother was Penn's near relation, and whose father was a Deputy Herald, was induced to come to take a court clerkship. Capt. Samuel