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togas, and afterwards of Lieutenant-Governor Markham, to settle on Pecquea (Pequea) Creek. As it was said by another authority that sixty families came in 1698 to Conestoga, it is probable that a sufficient reinforcement came in that year to raise the Shawnees in what is now Lancaster County to such number, and perhaps the reinforcements came more directly from the Cherokee country. Defeats by the Cherokees and Catawbas had stopped the spread of the nation further south. The coming to Pennsylvania has been reported as a fleeing before one of these enemies.

The Shawnees about the lower Susquehanna and the Conestoga Indians, or Seneca-Susquehannas, being on the frontier, were molested both at their homes and in the hunting grounds by the Naked Indians (Miamis, or Twightwees). In the Fall of 1699, some runaway servants, including a woman nearly related to a Twightwee King, were harbored by Conodahto, or Connodagtoh, King of the Conestogas, and Mecallona, King of these Shawnees. Mecallona conceived the project of redeeming the woman from service, and sending her to the Twightwees, as an act of kindness which must result in peace. This was frustrated by certain white men reclaiming the servants. The threats of bringing a large force, and cutting off all the Indians under Mecallona and Connodagtoh, not only brought about the surrender of the runaways, but put the two tribes into such trepidation that they did not plant corn the next Spring, and they prepared to move. The petition of the two Kings to Penn for favor and protection is dated May 1, 1700, at Brandywine, where they got a white man to write it, and is printed in Vol. I of The Penn and Logan Correspondence, page 1. The heading is correct, but in the body of the petition the name Savino, i.e. Shawnee, is misprinted as "Gavino." Mecallona may not have been the only king of these tribesmen; for on Aug. 29, Ophesaw (Opessa), or, as he is called

in Penn's treaty the next year, Wopaththa, as King of these Shawnees, joined the Delaware King and the representative of the Susquehanna Indians in a treaty of peace and alliance with Maryland.

The Proprietary of Pennsylvania was put in the position of protector, guide, suzerain, and, moreover, monopolizer of the trade of the Indians within two hundred miles westward of the white settlements by a treaty of April 23, 1701, between William Penn for himself and his heirs and successors, and the following Indians for themselves and their successors and nations and people, viz: Connodagtoh, described in the Council Minutes as "King of the Sasquehannah Minquays or Conestoga Indians," but in the articles called "King of the Indians inhabiting upon and about the river Susquehannah in the said Province," and Widaagh, alias Orettyagh, Koqueeash, and Andaggy Junkquagh, chiefs of the said nations, Wopaththa, King, and Lemoycungh and Pemoyajooagh, chiefs, of the Shawnees, and Ahookassoongh, brother of the Emperor, in behalf of the Emperor, i.e. the great King of the Onondagas, and Weewhinjongh, Cheequittagh, Takyewsan, and Woapackoa, chiefs of the Ganawese, called in the articles "the nations of the Indians inhabiting in and about the northern part of the River Powtowmeck." There was to continue a firm peace between the Christian inhabitants of the province and the several peoples aforesaid, and no injury should be done to any one on either side; the Indians were to behave according to the laws of the government while they lived near the white people, and were to have the privileges and immunities of the laws, they acknowledging the authority of the Crown and the Provincial Government; they were not to aid, assist, or abet any one not in amity with said Crown and Government; both sides were to notify of all rumors of each others' evil designs; the kings and chiefs and their successors

were not to allow any strange Indian nations to settle on the western side of the Susquehanna or about the Potomac other than those already seated, or bring other Indians into the province without the consent of the Proprietary; no person was to trade with the Indians without a license under the hand and seal of the Proprietary or his Lieutenants; and Penn, his heirs and successors were to take care to have the Indians "furnished with all sorts of necessary goods for their use at reasonable rates;" the Potomac Indians aforesaid were allowed to settle upon any part of the Potomac River within the bounds of the province; the Indians of Conestoga and upon and about the Susquehanna River, and especially their said King, Connodagtoh, should be at all times ready to confirm and make good the sale to Penn, now ratified, of the lands lying near and about the said River; and the Indians of the Susquehanna were to answer for the behavior and conduct of the said Indians, and for their performance of the articles; Penn and his heirs and successors were to assist with advice and directions-notice, not with arms-and, in all things reasonable, befriend all said Indians behaving as aforesaid, and submitting to the laws of the Province.

The Shawnees of Pechoquealon in the region known as Lechay (Lehigh), were not strictly a party to the treaty of April 23, 1701, but made some overtures for trade shortly afterwards, and seem to have been thenceforth considered as embraced within the Proprietaries' guardianship, just as, when all Pennsylvania Shawnees came to be within easier reach of one another, the Five Nations appointed one viceroy or superintendent over them all.

In accordance with Penn's suggestion, the Governor of New York, making, in 1701, a treaty with the Five Nations, made their promises of peace extend to all the

other English Colonies as well as New York, and to the Indian tribes within the respective provinces.

The Nanticokes, who appear in the records of Pennsylvania a few years later, were at this time in Maryland. They are called in subsequent New York records Tochwoghs, the name by which they are mentioned in Smith's Description of Virginia. The Wolam Olum of the Delawares speaks of the Nentegoes as well as the Shawanis separating from the rest of the nation in early times, and going south. The Maryland Archives mention various "Emperors" of the Nanticokes. The Nanticokes who met Evans in 1707 understood English so well that no interpreter was employed. They gave the date of their peace with the Five Nations as twentyseven years before, although the Maryland records speak of a war between them in 1681.

Among the tribes mentioned by John Smith were the Kuskarawaoks about half way down the eastern shore of the Chesapeake. They have not been supposed to be the same as the Iroquois bearing the almost identical name of Tuscaroras; but if they were the same, could they not have been the Black Minquas? The Tuscaroras, about 1701, reached in the Carolinas the southernmost point of their wanderings, and will be mentioned later. They had been enemies of the Shawnees.

The courtesies required at the Colony's hands by the Indian tribes, mostly the interchange of visits in which the Province gave more valuable presents than it received, and the maintenance of the visiting Indian families, were a small price to pay for peace. The Proprietaries paying the expense of those meetings which were for the purchase of land, the public outlay, until the treaty in 1722 at Albany, was for many years less than 50l. authorized in 1705 to be annually expended for treaties and messages.

CHAPTER V.

THE PEOPLE.

The small number of Swedes and Dutch-The Church of Sweden and its Ministers on the Delaware and Schuylkill-Decline of Swedish families in prominence-Welsh Tract-German TownFrench settlement in Chester County-Pennsylvania practically a colony of Englishmen-Preponderance of Quakers-Early Meetings for Business -Philadelphia's oldest meeting-houses-Quaker Ideas-Jews-harps Benjamin West-BaptistsAdvantages of the Society of Friends and political importance of its leaders-Previous social rank of the settlers-Education among them-Penn's relatives and his father's companions in arms-Markham and his family-Baron Isaac Baner, Lady Newcomen, and James Annesley-Little recognition of Caste-No landed oligarchy-Sale of real estate to pay debts-Distribution of inheritanceAttractiveness of Penn's dominions as a place of residence.

A few surnames and a few churches, now Protestant Episcopal, are nearly all the vestiges in Pennsylvania or Delaware of the colonization promoted by the House of Vasa, and the name of the Schuylkill River is practically the only thing that has survived among us from the time of the authority of their High Mightinesses, the Estates General of Federate Belgium, or the United Netherlands. Moreover, there lurks in our local speech, as far as the author can recall, not a word, unless brought into it much more recently, of the language of the subjects of either of those two powers. The use

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