point; if our athletics are being developed (?) to the point where it is necessary to kill people in order to make the game interesting, it is high time for the heads of American colleges to get together and abolish from their midst a game of such inhumane tendencies.

With football abolished the way would be open to another matter of great importance. It would leave the field clear for the development of a new ethical and academic standard in our American colleges. I have already referred to the influence of football upon these. With this tendency to grossness removed, could not the ambitions of the young men in our colleges be directed more to ethical ideals, to the winning of laurels in oratory, debate, poetry, journalism, authorship? At the same time the real purpose of college athletics could be better conserved, in that useful exercise could be more generally distributed to the student body, and the ethical tone of our institutions would be greatly improved.

The only other game to which I can make special reference is baseball. This truly American game is one of the best, cleanest, most scientific ever introduced into an American college. Its popularity for half a century has remained unabated. As a fine embodiment of the best features of physical training, combined with the genuine mental excitement and the qualities that cultivate in the player prompt decision and accurate judgment, it is probably without an equal among our American sports. Yet this excellent game is not without its unfortunate adjuncts. Chief among these are the training table and the professional coach?

Both of these introduce an element of professionalism into the game that is foreign to the spirit of true sport, and should, therefore, be removed. Amateur coaching can probably be made just as helpful as that of the professional type, and without besmirching the game with an unwholesome odium. For wherever professionalism enters the free spirit of play is at once dissipated. The training table, too, strikes at the very vitals of amateur sport. College athletics, in their very nature, should be of this class, and should seek to provide recreation and exercise for an entire student body. The training table at once segregates a small group, upon whom are lavished special privileges and favors. This destroys the democratic idea of the

college circle and sets apart a small group as sort of professional entertainers. To these limitations I would propose one other: that no one be allowed to represent a college on its athletic teams whose scholarship is not up to a good standard. A regulation of this kind, strictly enforced, would have the good effect of eliminating from most of our institutions of learning a very undesirable class among the student body.

Another matter of even greater importance, it may be, than the latter has to do with the methods of fiancing athletic associations. The loose relationship usually existing between these organizations and the institutions under whose dominion they exist puts almost unlimited power into their hands. They arrange their schedules of games, assuming heavy financial obligations, often hold valuable property in their own right, which they manage in their own way, and in general have but casual relations with the authorities over them. Such conditions are permitted to exist because of the prevalent belief that interference of college authorities in athletic affairs would ruin the college. Thus the associations have gone on working out their own destiny, and the splendid advertising the colleges get from their efforts have usually induced the authorities to keep hands off. The results of this policy have generally been in a high degree satisfactory to both parties, but it may be a serious question whether they have been for the best interests of either.

Thus without restraint, the associations have dipped into athletics pretty heavily. One of the New England universities last year spent considerably more than a hundred thousand dollars on athletics. If the published statistics are to be trusted, five of our Eastern universities cleared $182,000 on football in one season. This looks like a good deal of money to spend for sport. While some of it could doubtless be applied to better purposes, this is not the chief consideration. More important is the spirit of business that it introduces into our college life. These large enterprises, once unertaken by the young men of the colleges, they have to plan to meet their obligations as they mature. This leads to the inevitable "gate" with its attendant abuses and inconstency.

The fact that heavy obligations have to be met leads to the conduct of college games in a spirit of business, whereas all college athletics should be conducted in the spirit of sport. If all

gate fees could be abolished and college authorities and athletic associations unite their efforts to provide suitable amusements gatis, most of the objectionable features connected with college athletics would at once disappear. But as long as admissions are charged to inter-collegiate games, and as long as these admissions return a handsome annual revenue, it is too much to expect that the schools themselves will take the initiative in developing a system of physical culture that will extend to the entire student body

This matter has, however, been engaging the attention of leading college officials.

Recently the heads of several of our large universities have expressed themselves freely in regard to the invasion of athletics and other collegiate adjuncts into the real sphere of college work. They feel the need of faculty regulation in athletic sports, among other things. And a reaction in this direction is sure to come. But it is not a matter to be corrected by one institution, or a few of them. This has been tried several times with the inevitable result that the institution suffered immensely, from diminished patronage and influence, as a result. The concerted coöperation of college authorities will be necessary to effect the change. But if a number of the leading institutions will unite on some reasonable basis of action it can be done.

If some such move could be inaugurated among our leading educational institutions, a wonderful reform could soon be effected in our athletic situation. With football removed, baseball freed from its present taint of professionalism, and the entire athletic situation raised from a commercial level to a basis of true sport, most, if not all, of the objectionable features that becloud our present athletic horizon would disappear, and with them would go much of the prejudice and the feeling of opposition that these things have inadvertently brought against athletics in general. To make such a move successful will require backbone of the part of college authorities, but it can be done; and to the immense advantage of the young men in the colleges, the infinite delight of many anxious parents, and the great improvement of the colleges and universities themselves.

[ABSTRACT OF PAPER.]

MUSIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTH.

CAROLINE B. BOURGARD, LOUISVILLE, KY.

THE coming days seem full of promise. There is a stir, an expectancy which presages a general awakening. Only casual observation is necessary to discern that the commercial instinct of men of business is directed to the unexplored resources of our section. Development is the absorbing aim and coöperative effort has taken the place of competition as a means of attainment.

Similarly in the matter of educational advancement the conviction that the unification of forces for concentrated effort as a necessary condition for the consummation of greater and quicker achievement has been the raison de tre for the organization of educators into the S. E. A.

Just as a man has three-fold nature, physical, intellectual and spiritual, all three capable of and designed for unfoldment for the full expression of normal existence, so our Southland must grow not only commercially, industrially, educationally, but also in the direction of art, which is the culmination, the perfect flower of the life of its people.

But is the growth of art as expressed in musical form as sure as that of industry and education? Statistics are meagre, and these do not show many important original contributions nor that the creative forces are active. Is this dormancy due to the lack of stimulating conditions?

The compositions of the world's great music masters are permeated by the essence of beauty, inspired by a love of nature, her noble trees in field and forest, the fragrance and loveliness of the flower, the inarticulate voicings of gurgling brooks and rushing streams, the mysterious instincts and songs of birds, the wonderful manifestations of God's power and manifoldness in insect and animal life. You feel, too, the thrill of human love, passion, friendship, love of home and fatherland. The longings of the soul find expression in immortal sacred compositions. Sorrow, anguish and woe have played upon the harp strings of the soul and produced the sweetest strains almost divine. Bond

age and affliction have been agencies in bringing forth a people's grandest songs. But does the South lack these inspirational elements? They seem to one to be inherencies awaiting, like rich veins of precious ore, the human force that can discover and use them. The very name Southland stirs the imagination, suggesting the poetry of beauty, honor and truth. Does not nature here find lavish expression in every conceivable, diversified form and by transcendent beauty and grandeur invite loving research into her unfathomable depths. Our people have had full measure, too, of pain and suffering, but expression has failed through musical form. The songs we claim and love so well, "Old Folks at Home," "Old Black Joe," "Old Kentucky Home," were written by a man whose home was in the East. Our melodies, such as Dixie, etc., are borrowed.

There is no lack of musical activity within our borders, espe cially in our largest cities, which have their teachers and students, their clubs, choral organizations, orchestras, etc. Many of our States even have organized associations in the last few years. But it may be noted that in the main our musical leaders have come to us from abroad instead of being home productions. German influence is still a dominant force. Another consideration is that this activity is the outcome of adult, mature effort which in its nature is limited and restricted by the laws of life. This work cannot be discredited, being worthy of all possible encouragement, but the claim that musical development depends solely upon the widening of its scope is subject to question.

A tree never yet has grown downward from apex to its roots. We are all familiar with Darwin's deep regret that being in his youth indifferent to the phenomena of sound and the study of music, he became in his maturity, as he expresses it, atrophied, utterly unable to understand and appreciate and be influenced by its beauty.

A study of the lives of musical geniuses proves that stimulating environment in the earliest years was a recognized factor. They imbibed music as naturally as they breathed in air. The importance of the first six years of life is yet dimly understood. An authority claims that a child of six years has already learned far more than a student learns in his entire university course. Certainly these years greatly determine our predilec