Of course this claim of coercive jurisdiction throughout the Church involves the right of suppressing all dissentient Christian worship by immediate ecclesiastical action, should it be found practicable. The right of the Jews to their worship is conceded only because they, as unbaptized, are not within the jurisdiction of the Church. But towards Protestantism, where it has long been in possession, the tone of the Dictionary is without acrimony. The articles on Luther and Calvin are singularly mild. The moral judgments which, as subjects of Rome, the writers are obliged to form of the two great heresiarchs, are thoroughly controlled in their expression by "that most excellent gift of charity." A movement like Jansenism, subsequently arising within the bosom of Catholicism, is a severer strain upon charity, but one which is successfully borne. This article is wholly free from the coarse bitterness which disfigures even Wetzer and Welte, with their sneering taunt of "hypocritical rigorism." It is, indeed, the best conspectus we have seen of this great movement, and is as cordial in its appreciation of its various and illustrious excellences as is compatible with a thorough adhesion to the Papal condemnations of Jansenism as a whole. Towards the Jansenist, or Semi-Jansenist Church of Utrecht, the tone of the corresponding article is respectful, almost affectionate, while acknowledging that there is scarcely ever a conversion from Utrecht to Rome. Those of us who are peculiarly interested in this excellent little church are bound here to make our best acknowledgments. But, indeed, the whole treatment of Jansenism is an encouraging proof how inefficacious the utmost severity of theoretical separation is to check the advance of the large-heartedness of Christ to universal prevalency in his Church. Protestants may perhaps be indulged in the self-complacency of opinion that the Protestant education of various writers in the Dictionary has been of some help this way.

As respects the relation of Protestants to the plan of salvation, the articles on Baptism, Faith, Penance, and others, show that the writers make thorough work in applying the Roman condemnation of the doctrine that "grace is not given out of the Church." We cannot agree with Dr. Schaff in assuming that this must be so limited by the principle Extra ecclesiam nulla salus as to leave it still lawful to deny that grace given out of the Church is ever efficacious. Even bitterly controversial catechisms allow that salvation is possible to those who, though not in external communion with Rome, are united "to the soul of the Church," an expression which we have also noted somewhere in the Dictionary. The Roman Catholic theory may be easily and succinctly stated, following the lines traced by Cardinal Manning in his admirable letter to Dr. Pusey (1.) Baptism, duly administered in form, and intended as Christian baptism, is valid, by whomsoever administered, and regenerates every recipient not in mortal sin. (2.) Heresy and schism, resulting only from education, and not from heretical pravity, are not mortal sin. (3.) Baptismal grace, maintained and improved, merits increment of grace, and at last the grace of final perseverance. (4.) Baptismal grace, forfeited by mortal sin, may be recovered by an act of perfect contrition, accompanied with the desire of penance. (5.) Where, through wrong education, the desire of penance is not explicitly present, it is reasonable to hold that it is imputed as implicitly present, in the sincere intention of fulfilling all the law of Christ. (6.) Nevertheless, Protestants cannot,

like Catholics, be restored to baptismal grace by attrition merely, since this must be accompanied by actual penance. And lacking, as they do, nearly all the sacraments, they are deprived of the chief defenses and channels of grace. And breathing an atmosphere of false doctrine, unsound morals, and ecclesiastical contumacy, their state must be regarded as mournfully precarious. Nevertheless, where, as Pius IX. says, their lives give evidence of faith which is made operative by charity," it is lawful for Catholics to breathe such an aspiration as that of the "Catholic Mirror," which concludes an obituary notice of Dr. Fuller, the eminent Baptist minister of Baltimore, thus: But, above all, Dr. Fuller was emphatically a good man. May the Lord forgive his errors, and receive him among the number of his elect!"

The statement in the Dictionary that there is now practical unanimity in holding the theories that attrition with penance suffices to a state of grace, and that probabilism is preferable to probabiliorism,—that is, that it is lawful, in morals, to follow a probable, against a more probable opinion,serves to show how the poison of legalism, deepening into servilism, which has been in Catholicism from its first subapostolic development, has become ever more virulent in the veins of the great Italian organism, until it now renders the hope of its future recovery to evangelical health almost chimerical. The many myriads of Christians within it whose spiritual soundness is proof against all malaria cannot well be blamed for clinging loyally to it. But they must allow us to look for Christ's lightning stroke which shall set them free even against their will. With the opinion, mentioned not unapprovingly in the Dictionary, that the Roman bishopric is not of necessity the centre of unity, they may some day find that there is far more bound up than they are now in any way willing to admit.

The Dictionary, against Wetzer and Welte, but supported by Bellarmin, maintains that the Pope, if he uses his authority to oppose previous definitions of the Church, may be deposed, even if he does not ipso facto cease to be pope. It appears, then, that Ultramontanism, in giving the weapon of Infallibility into his hands, does not use Trajan's words. Prome, si mereor, in me, but only, in hostes meos. So that our pleasant little scheme of some day having Infallibility infallibly condemned by a fallibilist pope is fairly headed off by this timely caveat of our friends.

In the articles on matters of common Christian doctrine there is some very profitable reading. See Conscience, Predestination, and Hell. The latter article is an admirable one, and in its mixture of dignity, decision, mildness and mournful sternness, large concessions and firm maintenance of the possibility and, in some cases, the eventual reality of eternal punishment in its strictest sense, it appears to us that it represents both the temper and the doctrinal conclusions to which the Universal Church will ultimately settle.

This admirably prepared Dictionary shows in clear lines how completely at one the two divisions of Western Christendom are in the object of their faith and the goal of their hope, and how profoundly and irreconcilably at variance as to the instrumental means by which that faith is to be expressed and nourished and that hope to be attained. Charles C. Starbuck.

EPITOME OF ANCIENT, MEDIEVAL, AND MODERN HISTORY. BY CARL PLOETZ. Translated with extensive additions by WILLIAM H. TILLINGHAST. Pp. 618. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1884.

a

This is partly a translation, partly an enlargement, of the seventh edition of Carl Ploetz's "Auszug aus der alten, mittleren, und neueren Geschichte," Berlin, 1880, a little work which we have used for some years, and found among the most helpful of the now numerous historical handybooks. The intention of the Auszug is to afford, not a text-book, but mainly a book of ready reference for dates, these being printed in more or less prominent type according to importance, but comprising also sufficient historical matter to make the whole into a bird's-eye view of universal history. The original Ploetz is, in a word, a chronology and an historical conspectus both in one. Most useful among its historical material are the sketches of important modern treaties and of the main causes and results of great wars. Mr. Tillinghast's purpose seems to be a little more ambitious than Ploetz's, and has resulted in placing before us what, should any teacher wish to employ it so, might answer for a text-book. There is, first, a good translation of Ploetz, nothing being omitted save a very few unimportant details about the wars of 1866 and 1870. But Mr. Tillinghast's own contributions to the book have a considerably larger compass than the translated parts, so that it is at least of three times the original's size. Most of the paragraphs on French history have been enlarged, several of those on English. Entirely new sections appear valuable addition upon Hindoo, Chinese, Japanese, Persian, old Celtic and old Sclavic history, upon the early religions of Greece and Rome, and upon the ancient Teutons in England and in the Scandinavian North. There are, besides, several new paragraphs on the history of Great Britain, many more still on American history. Some new and very fine genealogical tables are given. The index is extensive, minute, and about faultless, the finest feature of all. The book is usually accurate; we have noticed, so far, but two errors, - these, doubtless, due to mere oversight: "Edward VII." for "Edward III." at the foot of page 273, and the assignment of the Battle of Bennington to the year 1776 instead of 1777, page 429. The Epitome will prove a valuable new instrument in our every-day historical apparatus, and can be sincerely recommended to all readers and students of history. As an aid in the speedy refreshment of memory, in the quick recall or certification of dates, of prominent events, of the general characteristics of an historical period, and the like, it has no equal in our language. We cannot but feel, however, that a much smaller volume would have fulfilled quite as well as this, if not better, the only service to which this will probably ever be largely put, namely, that of reference. Might not the author, in his additions, have profitably kept more to the purpose of Ploetz? Could not many details have been just as well omitted, and the remainder compressed still more by a freer use of catchwords in numerous places where entire sentences now stand? Still, in the art of successful abridgment, one must confess that imitation of Ploetz is more easily recommended than carried out. Mechanically, as otherwise, the Epitome is a success, although the types used for main dates are not so bold, nor the differences of type so striking, as in the original. E. Benj. Andrews.

LAUDENT OMNES. Hymns and Tunes for Congregational Singing. By Rev. JOHN E. TODD, D. D., Pastor, and WILLIAM E. CHANDLER, Organist and Chorister, of the Church of the Redeemer, New Haven, Conn. Boston: Russell Brothers.

1884.

This book is a selection of about two hundred hymns arranged for congregational singing, and has a decided advantage over larger collections, since all the hymns can become familiar. Nothing induces a congregation to sing like the frequent repetition of favorite hymns. Nearly all of the tunes have long been in general use. Although wellworn, Hamburg, Rockingham, Duke Street will never be outworn. Such tunes as Eventide, Passion Chorale, and Hursley are the exception. It is a pity the compilers had not added half a hundred tunes which belong to the English revival of church music, for without them worship is likely to become monotonous. Dr. Todd's congregation is led by a large chorus of trained singers, and there was a fine opportunity to educate his people with the use and love of a still higher order of music. As it is, the book contains only such tunes as no collection can omit. Doubtless these are rendered with spirit under so inspiring leadership, but so would the others be. The hymns are those which are sung to the old tunes, and are grouped without regard to subject under the tunes which have been chosen for them. The low price of the book recommends it to small churches and for use in social meetings.

George Harris.

TENNYSON'S IN MEMORIAM. Its Purpose and Its Structure. A Study. By JOHN F. GENUNG. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1884.

Rarely does a single poem gather in itself the aspirations of an age, and give utterance with just range and choice of tone to the mingled hopes and fears that swell

"The still, sad music of humanity."

The "Divina Commedia" spoke thus for mediæval Catholicism, and he who would know the best that has been thought and felt under that phase of faith must traverse the threefold world with Dante. Our age with its new complexities of view and feeling finds voice in the "In Memoriam." More fortunate than Dante, Tennyson has not to wait for posthumous recognition. Two years after its appearance, in 1852, Frederick Robertson hailed this as the most precious work of the century, and counted its teachings "the most satisfactory things that have ever been said on the future state." Interpretation and comment have multiplied with years, and, better yet, the poem has become both a psalm and a prophecy to perplexed and saddened hearts.

The latest interpreter, Mr. Genung, begins with the relation of the poem to the age and to the poet's spiritual and intellectual growth. Tennyson's volume, published in 1842, was separated by nine years of silence from his earlier verses, and showed, in such poems as "Locksley Hall," "Two Voices," and "Love and Duty," the influence of the new Time-Spirit, the higher mood of faith and of doubt. Careful critics even then traced back this change in Tennyson to Arthur Hallam's death, and anticipated larger results. With these fulfilled predictions before us, it is still easier to see in the earlier, shorter poems the promise of the later work.

The purpose of the "In Memoriam " Mr. Genung reaches by successive steps. It is an elegy, but it differs from Milton's "Lycidas" and Shelley's "Adonais" in the intense reality that scorns conventional expression, meets openly the problems of faith and fate, and sets in clear light both seeker and object sought. It is a tribute of friendship, and itself suggests comparison with Shakespeare's Sonnets (lxi. 3); but though both works are deeply introspective, and both singers speak in their real character, the unselfish, idealized love of Tennyson is far above the sensuous level of the Sonnets. The full purpose of the poem, however, is not revealed under either of these aspects. Beyond all else, its chief worth lies in the clear, calm, spiritual vision that loses personal feeling in larger interests, gathers in one the hopes, aspirations, and efforts of the age, and seizes with wise forecast the future of humanity itself.

With this" increasing purpose" the structure of the poem corresponds. At the outset the passionate emotion of the elegy predominates, while further on the tribute flows in more even course, until at last a wider outlook and a deeper peace are gained. After the introductory lyrics, the songs fall into three cycles, each cycle beginning with Christmas-tide. Step by step the essayist follows the progress of the poet's thought, through doubt and question and partial answer and higher teaching, to the triumphant close. He analyzes carefully the successive variations of the single central theme, and illumines by reverent, sympathetic interpretation each change in view and mood. His style is pure and clear, as befits his subject, and his modest volume forms a useful introduction and companion to one of the noblest of English poems.

Theodore C. Pease.

CORNELII TACITI ANNALIUM AB EXCESSU DIVI AUGUSTI LIBRI. THE ANNALS OF TACITUS. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by HENRY FURNEAUX, M. A., formerly Fellow and Tutor of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Vol. I., Books I.-VI., pp. 612. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. 1884. Of ancient works illustrative of that most interesting subject of collateral study for the student of church history or the clergyman, the condition of the Roman world in the opening years of Christianity, the "Annals of Tacitus" are of course the most important; the extant portions of them including by far the larger part of the reigns of Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero.

Until quite recently, the only aid in English to the understanding of this masterpiece of the works of the prince of Roman historians was the edition published in London in 1853, as one of Arnold's School Classics, consisting of the text of Karl Nipperdey, with a translation from the German of his Prolegomena and notes; the former containing, among other things, suggestive and instructive remarks upon "the political theory of Tacitus " and the credibility of the "Annals," and an exposition of what is there called "the grandeur and earnestness of his style." The original work of Nipperdey has now, however, reached its seventh edition, and has been thoroughly revised and much improved.

In 1870 there appeared in three small volumes, in the series entitled "Oxford Pocket Classics," a very serviceable edition for the general student, having in addition to the text an introduction, a life of Tacitus, a full chronology of the "Annals," and short notes, chiefly renderings of the more obscure or difficult passages.