matvaror,' Schlyter, and in Söderwall: 'giva mat åt.' About so in Norw. diall., as mata, 'made, give Mad i Munden'; also 'skaffe mad,' Aasen.

Miðla. The one occ. of this word in KS is in the sense 'mediate,' 'adjust,' namely at 134b26: oc baðu hana. . . at domi væri sva miðlat at Stephano væri þar lovat at bæta sam brotit var. Nalga. See present participles. Natta; occ: 45a18. Racna. Used in the expression lata hændr niðr firi ser racna, 83a30, 'let the hands hang straight down, 'keep the hands open and at the sides.' Rasca. Only in the pprtc. 113a7: græiða hværn lim eða kvist þeirrar ræðu, sva at orascat værði æfni ræðunnar, 'expound every limb and twig of the speech, so that the subject matter of it shall be made clear (shall not be distorted wrongly interpreted in reference to its various parts).' The reading varies considerable here in the Mss; k has ofalsal, KSk, p. 211, note to line 3, while Ksp., p. 121, note 7, has uppskátt (uppskár, 'evident').131 Rosa. The meaning is 'boast,' 'boastfully display,' 'flaunt.' Occs: 47a18, 8a11, 129a15. Rugla; with or stað, 67a15. Rorna. ON hrærna. 149b2. In 126 a3: þorni eða rorne by repetition of the o of porni. Saka. 144a12. Impersonal at 105a16: oc er sa at hann sakaði akki, 'and when he saw that it did not harm him'; further, 105a29.

Sanna. The meaning is 'admit or say to be true,' as pat er þu spurder um reyc þann er stunndum syniz fylgia norörliose oc letzt þat fylgia at per potte pat lict at reycrenn kæme hælldr af yl en kulða þa sanna ec pat mæð þer, 43a17. In such a case as þa sannade hann mæð æiðum, it is rather 'assert,' 115a14, while in the following sanna means 'make come true,' 'make true,' 'prove true': oc ma ec aigi svikia lanardrottin minn mæðr niðsamlegre skom nema ec vili sanna orðzkvið þann sæm mælt er, 88b4. Refl., sannaz, 'prove true,' 85b27. Siða, 'to acquire good manners,' 57a21; but ordinarily used with val, 51a10 (væl siðadr), 132 54a20, etc. Sinndra. Only prprtc., 42a14. Skila. The pprtc. appears at 7a30: annda skil ec aigi aðr en ec heyri giorr skilat firi mer,' still I do not understand it before I hear it more fully explained to me.' Similarly skilat, 140b3. Pret. 2 pl. conj., skilaðer, 66b14. Skiopla. 78a11: at æigi skiopliz, 'that it be not put out of order.' GnOrdb. skioplast. Norw. dial. skjepla, 'omflytte,' 'forrykke,' Aasen, and skjeplast, 'komme i Urede,' cit. for 'Hard. og fl'; in the form skipla, Sdm, Gbr., and Nordl. For skjepla Ross also gives Ndn. and Østerd., and the form skjempla for Hardanger. Nyn EtOrdb. cites Feroese skepla, Mod. Icel. skjöplast, and East Sw. skipla, the last in the meaning: 'förlora.' From skipul, IndE root *skib, skip (Nyn EtOrdb). Apparently the same word is ODan. skævl, n., and skævle, vb. and Jutland dial. skjævle, in somewhat similar meanings. Skua. Pprtc: 58b21. Skynia, means to 'understand' in 94a8, but otherwise often 'examine,' 'inspect,' 'watch,' as 9a6, 128b15, etc. Sofna, is not used in the meaning 'fall asleep,'

131 See KSk. p. 211.

182 Cf. væl siðugr, 57a16.

but 'take a sleep' in 3b22: Oc æpter mat pa ger þu annathvart at þu sofna litla rið eða alligar gac pu uti. Stoðva. 51a25: stodva rodu, 'interrupt a conversation.' Svara. Cpd. anndsvara appears, 54b18, written andsvara, 54b23; cpd. vansvarat, 'insufficiently answered,' 55a29. See spyria. Svena. 48a28: oc svenar allr prote piotannda hafs, 'then all the swelling of the roaring sea goes down.' The word apparently appears nowhere else in On. Cf. svengjast, ‘become thinner.' Aasen has svina (open i), ‘svinde ind; især om en Hævelse,' Hard., Sogn, Nfj., and svena, 'sagtnes, stilles,' from Tel. Ross gives svina (narrow i) for Hard., as Svudl'n ha sviina; and the form sveena, for Vestfold, Mandal. Synga. Occs: 114a11, and 117a8. Fritzner cites syndga from Stjørn and synga from Barl. Tapa, refl., tapaðez, 'was destroyed,' 113a23 (as just below, a25, tynduz). Timbra. 5a16 (after speaking of dryckia, tafl, etc., the father says): þvi at af þæssum grunndvollum timbraz hinar mæsto ugiptor. Togna. 48a17, used of the lengthening of the days. þarna. One occ: ner hann ma skikkiu i frælsi bæra eða hott eða kvæif af hann hæfir eða ner hann skal þarnask, 83b8, 'when he may freely wear his cloak, or hat or cap if he has one, or when he is to do without them.' brutna. 30a12.

þrævuallda. Occ: 138b2. þæfia. 104b16: væl þæfiat, and 129a28: þvi at min fazla þæfiar bætr hværium hirm. þærna. 117b24: at angi þeirra systra þærnadez sins rettar i þæssom domi, 'that neither of the sisters were deprived of (suffered in) their right(s) in this verdict.' þærnadez is possibly an erroneous writing for þarnadez. Vara, refl., 'beware,' 'be careful'; 51a8: Nu varazt þu at æigi hænnde pic slic ufræde af þu vilt væra væl siðaðr; 'take a warning from'; oc er þer bætra her at taca skiotliga hæfnd sva at aðrir varezt af þinum ufarum 152a24; 'Observe also the following use: mægum ver þægar hafa hann er ver vilium þvi at hann varazt oss ækki er hann væit sic saclausan, 145a19, 'we may secure him whenever we wish for he does not avoid us (beware of us), as he knows himself to be guiltless.' Varða. Several times in the meaning: 'to be a matter of importance,' as Fritzner, varða, 8): 3a5, 12a10, 77a17 (varðar þat myklu), 71b22 (pa varðaðe honum þat myclu), 77a17, etc. Viggyrola. Occ: 78a4. Visa. Observe: oc aigi magi slægir uvinir unnder þyðazt þat akall er æinfolld tru oc rett visar þeim ifra, 63a28, 'cunning adversaries may not appropriate the worship which a simple and true faith denies them.' Einka. 127a22: pa æinkade hann til þess æitt agetlect hus. Eitla. Appears in the combination æitlar augum (unnder rimfrosnum brunum), 47a25, quoted for here only in Fritzner, and translated 'opspile?'. Modn. Icel. eitla also only in the phrase eitla augum, 'to look stern.' Is apparently the same as the adv. and adj. eitaleg, 'voldsom(t); hvas(t),' given for Sogn by Ross, as in aitale kvass, and da kom ai Frona so aitale; further the adv. eitlande mentioned by Ross under Eitel, m., also belongs here, as ein eitlande friske Kar, 'an exceedingly strong fellow' (Sogn). Eitla augum in KS

evidently means 'peer sharply,' 'give a sharp look' (from under his frosted brows). The passage reads: En kalldr lanndnyrdenngr sitr reiðulegha mæð sniodrifno skeggi oc gustar kalldlegha vinndþrotnum nasum æillar aughum unnder rimfrosnum brunum snærkir kinnr unnder kalldskuado anne hvætr hvapta mæð iskalldri tungu blæs af þiosti mæð smoglegho rænnidrifi. See above, p. 274.

d. The Fourth Weak Conjugation

Twenty verbs in all belong here. The 1st per. pres. ind. ends in -i (-e), and the pprtc. of some of the vbs. ends in -aðr, of others, in -ðr. Those occurring in KS are the following:

The vb. duga, inf., 142b4, appears, otherwise, only in the prprtc., of which there are the following five occs: af loghum eo133 dugande siðum, 'of laws or good morals,' 70b7; þa hæfir þat tynni hvartvæggia goðum siðum oc dugannde mannum, 'then it will have destroyed both good morals and good men,' 70b18; af dugannde maðr fæR afl oc styrk, 'if a good man obtains power and authority,' 87a22: nama manvit oc goðar skilningar eða aðra

133 So in the manuscript.

dugannde siðu, 'acquire understanding, good insight or other good qualities, 94a10; so dugannde siðu, 71a23. Inf. at 142b4: Sauli muŋdi æigi duga at væra ulyðin, 'it would not be right of Saul to be disobedient. '134 Occs. of other words or forms may be noted as follows: gapanda, ds. masc., 132a22; livanda, acc. sg. masc. 109a3, livannde, acc. sg. fem., 72a16 (further below under prprtc.); na retto, 'secure justice,' 51b21, rikir, 'rules,' 126a9 (sa er livir oc rikir um ænndalausar værallder vællda); spara means 'reserve' everywhere: þvi at ec vil aðrum þat starf spara at glosa varar ræður, 'for I will leave for others the task of interpreting our conversations,' 109a20;135 liggi su ræfsing a sauli oc hans kyni sæm hann sparði við hina er guð bauð hanum, 'let the punishment fall upon Saul and his family which he neglected to carry out in regard to those whom God bade him to punish, 143a29; trua, the pprtc., 88b14: Hanni var truat sam goori kono, (passive, 'blev troet'); kaupa. The forms with -ay-: keypti, 88a1, keyptan, 88a2, keyptr, 90b29, 92b30, those with -ey-: 3b14, 4b27; sægia, pprtc. saght, n., 75b8; soghð, npl. neut., 93b27, pret. pl. sagðu, 139b6, sogou, 114b23; sagði af, 'deposed,' 89b11 (hann sagði Wastes af drotningardomi); una, 96b28 (aigi una, 'begrudge'), but unna, 141b26 (en guð villdi æigi unna hanum nytia a þvi barni, ‘but God would not let him have any good from the child'); pprtc. pact, 150b3; pprtc. polt, 108a2; other occs of pola: 100a11, 141b5, and 141b10. Inf. sama appears, 95b10;136 soma, 125b25,137 sœma, 95b7.

The vb. hafa is usually spelled with -f-, but now and then with -v-, as hava, 100b14, 101b10, 111b2, b14, 117b7, havir, 11a14 and a29. The pret. 3. pers. plur. is hofdu, 67b7, 104b27, 116a5, a6, 132a9, etc., but hafðu, 57b20; 1st pers. plur.: hofum, 53b5 but hovum, 116b23, written hovom, 53b27. Horfa, 62a9, 105b7, horfir, 62a6, horft, 34b8, but horva, 62a28, 64a16, 100b23, and 130b12. Sagia appears for sægia in the following sentence: En þar er þu gazt pass at aller mann sagia lonnden a pvi heitari, etc.; evidently sa- by anticipation of the vowel -a of the next syllable. Horfa has everywhere the meaning: 'refer to,' 'point to,' 'relate to,' 'have to do with,' 'belong with.' Examples: En af yör leidez aigi spurning min pa er su enn æin litil spurning er ec villda til forvitnaz mæð yðro leyfi oc mer pyckir horfa til farmanna idrottar (45b7), ‘And if you do not tire of my questions, there is still a little matter which with your permission I would like to ask about, and which seems to me to belong under the activities of merchants'; pa skallt þu þat varaz vandliga i anndsvorum þinum at æigi

134 Or about "it would not 'do' for Saul, etc."

135 Audne: "for eg vil spara det bryet til andre." 136 With lata ser: Guðs son let ser sama.

137 With lata ser: er pu latir per soma. The o is blurred somewhat, but it was apparently intended to be an o, not an a. Judging from KSk, which has soma without comments, the other texts also have o.

margfallder þu angi þau atkvæðe er til þin horfa þo at þu margfallder sva sam til byriar oll þau atkvæðe er til konungs horfir (62a5, a6), ‘be careful in your answers not to use the plural in any answers that have reference to yourself, though you use the plural, as is proper, in all those remarks that you address to the king (that refer to); similarly, 62a28: En mæð þvi skal hann iannan138 ihuga sina doma þa er til ræfsinga horva, 100b23. 'But, therefore, he must always ponder well such verdicts as carry punishment,' etc. ('imply,' 'relate to'): af hann kann skilia flæsta alla þa luti er horfa til valldis guðlegs mattar, 130b12.

Preterite-present Verbs

These are verbs whose original present forms have disappeared, their place having been taken by their original preterite forms (that is these took on present meaning); to replace the lost preterite meaning new weak preterite forms then came into use. A new infinitive with the vowel of the plur. of the present was also formed. The preterite-present tense form is therefore that of strong verbs; the pprtc. is that of the fourth class of weak vbs. There are nine vbs. belonging here, appearing in KS; in addition to these there is finally the vb. vallda, which in its preterite stands wholly by itself. The nine preterite-presents are, in the order of the ablaut series to which they belong, as follows:

The vb. vila (inf., 29a18), shows the writing -ai- in the sg. pres. everywhere, 33b4, 50b23, etc. The vowel of the ending is always -u-, as vitu, 27a9, 38a30, 64b, vitum, 1st pers., 29b8, etc. 2nd pers. sg. væizt, 76a8, væitzt, 5b6. Eiga: so regularly in numerous occurrences, but eigu, 3, pl., 52b30, 56a15, a20, and imperat. Eig, 5b19. The vowel of the ending in the pres. is regularly -u, as above, and aigu, 44b23, 136a29, etc., but aigo, 53b10. The pres. sg. is á, by loss of final h and monophthongation (aig> aih>á), as AnG, I, §54.1, Heusler, Altisl. El. §81, Iversen, NorrønGr, §23. Early assimilation139 of -st- to -ss- in vissa, AnG, I, §310. Assimilation of -ht->-tt- in atti, as AnG, §258, NorrønGr., p. 34.

The infinitives appear: unna, 2b2; kunna, 5a24, 49b18; þurfa, 49a1, 134a28, þurva, 134a9. Pres. sg. kann and þarf, always so written: 32a15,

138 Should be iamnan.

139 i.e. Indo-European.