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possible could one impress upon our millionaires the importance of the work and its benefit to civilization, but that task is arduous and difficult.

An Outrage.

Collectors as a class are honorable and upright men and women; but there appear here and there a few rascals and frauds. These should be held well in hand by some journal of authority and therefore The Archæologist feels called upon to expose all dishonest persons who use archaeology as a tool for illegal gains.

The worst case of fraud and deceit that has come to light in the past ten years occurred at Newark, O., some months ago. A veterinary surgeon died and left a large and valuable collection, the labor of a life time. Several collectors of the neighborhood called with a view of purchasing it. Knowing little about the collection she was in a position to be deceived by prospective purchasers.

had sold his most valuable specimens prior to his death.

She stoutly maintained that he never sold a relic, that he prized them too highly to ever think of a sale. She remembered that he had many fine objects, but could not specify just what they were. Circumstances which cannot be related here were made clear to the gentlemen present and the whole affair was plainly exposed. The best of the Doctor's collection had been stolen! We greatly regret that the guilty man is not known, nor can we go further than to say that it is probably some collector of the neighborhood. The collectors of Licking county, among whom the Doctor was well known, ought to investigate the unfortunate affair. They should realize the damnable villainy that must prompt a man to avail himself of the ignorance of a needy widow and rob her of her slender means. There are many wealthy men, honest men interested in Ohio archæology in and near Newark. They should see that the widow (and they know her name) is properly cared for. Editorially we regret that the evidence is not sufficient to name the culprit.

COLLECTOR'S DEPARTMENT.

Information for Collectors.

The widow des red to sell at as large a figure as possible, for her husband's estate is insufficient to support her four children and herself. She left Newark for a few days and upon her return found the cellar door unlocked. She had taken special pains to fasten and lock the door in order to prevent any one from meddling with the colLection. She spread out all the specimens and sent for several reliable persons to inspect the exhibit. All of them remarked how singular it was that the Doctor in his extensive travels should pick up no fine relics but only arrow heads, celts and ordinary axes and pestles. They said a collection of fourteen to fifteen hundred objects ought to contain some ornaments, drills, etc., and not poor specimens exclusively. In short they suspected that some one had taken the best part of it or that the doctor Archæologist.

(Continued.)

We might write fifty pages concerning the classification of implements, their supposed and known usages, and the best way to be observed in their arrangement. It is necessary to condense into as brief a statement as possible the informationto be set forth in this and the ensuing number of The

In this number we will consider im- to be carried upon the war path. The

plements and weapons, with the reservation that flint implements are to be treated of in the Apri number. Ornaments and ceremonials, together with various other objects, will be described in the May issue.

The grooved and ungrooved axes probably constitute the largest proportion of a collector's cabinet next to flint implements and pottery fragments. These specimens are usually made from hard stones, as the softer materials would not stand continuous wear and use. Specimens of axes and celts vary from 2 to 14 inches in length and 14 to 8 inches in width. The variation in weight ranges from 4 ounces to 21 pounds. The average can safely be placed at from 4 to 6 inches for the axes and 3 to 5 inches for the celts. Of the celts there are several varieties. The ordinary celt, which is about inch in thickness (on the average) and possesses slightly rounded edges, a fairly sharp point and a rounded top. Another type of celt is flat upon the back, slightly rounded upon the upper side, and has a sharp grooved edge. These specimens are greatly sought after by collectors and have a value in excess of the common types. They are usually made of hard granitic stones, and are highly polished. They have been variously denominated as "hide dressers," "skinners," etc. We do not give any name to a class. It is extremely probable that the aborigines could use the stones in their possession for almost any purpose, regardless of form.

All the celts, whether of ordinary form or of the highly polished and symmetrical "skinner" type, possess sufficiently sharp edge, either to be used in detaching hides from carcasses or if lashed to a short stick would make excellent hatchets or tomahawks

smaller celts are frequently quite thick and one can scarcely see how the savages could use them to advantage. This can also be affirmed of the larger celts, a few of which weigh from 5 to 12 pounds. No good explanation has been offerred regarding their use. Celts are found in large numbers upon village sites and in fields where no village seems to have existed. They are also frequently taken from mounds and graves. They seem to have been the common implement in the homes of pre-Columbian Americans and next to the flint implements are the most numerous objects found throughout the United States.

Celts occasionally occur in copper and in shell. The copper ones seem to have been ceremonial. Some ceremonials or ornaments of slate have a form almost identical with the finer of the celts and are often mistaken for cutting or chopping tools. There is no evidence that so soft a stone as slate was used for any other purpose than for ornaments, ceremonials, totems or marks of rank.

The grooved axes form a somewhat more interesting class than the celts. I have divided the axes into two classes. Those which have the groove all around and those which are "fla1blacked." The latter have a groove extending around the stone. The axes can be even more sharply classified than the celts. There is a type common in Southern Ohio which varies from 5 inches in length and 2 inches in width, to 7 inches in length and 34 inches in width. It is usually threesided having the back flat and the outer or front side slightly rounded. It is almost always made of hard stone, and shows a high polish. The back is often slightly curved concave in order that a wedge may be driven between the fastening and the handle and the

implement thus more firmly secured in sharp, well made and shows usage; the this position. Another type in the of necessity, would require more time South is the axe which has a groove than celts. But one or two perforated extending entirely around it. I never axes have been found in the U. S. could quite understand how such a They seem to have been made since specimen could be as securely fastened the introduction of the iron axe as the to the handle as the three-cornered American aboriginal idea is to put the kind. The "all around grove" axes are stone in the eye of the handle, and not larger than the triangular ones and the handle in the eye of the stone. often reach 10 or 15 pounds in weight Axes with two curves about them are and a foot in length. It has always also extremely rare, and can be safely been a puzzle to understand how an axe labeled as freaks and not as representof such weight could be used to any ad- ing the regular, the customary type of vantage. Various theories have been these implements. We cannot give suggested, but none of them have even approximately the number of seemed adequate for the occasion. A axes and celts in museums and private type very common throughout the collections of the United States, but Mississippi Valley is that of a small judging from the total number of 7 to 12 ounce "all around groove" axe. specimens and the proportion usually This could be conveniently lashed in occupied by such specimens in each a short handle and carried upon war exhibit, there may be from a million expeditions or used effectively in to one million two hundred thousand crushing the skulls of large game cap- axes and celts at present in cabinets. tured in the chase.

Axes have seldom been found in mounds or graves. I have read of such cases, but in 117 mounds, and upwards of 300 graves opened under personal direction, I have failed to find a single grooved axe. The manufacture of both grooved and ungrooved axes could be entered into with considerable detail. But probably readers of this magazine are familiar with the particulars. I will mention it but hastily. A water-worn pebble, as near as possible the desired size, was selected. This stone was pecked and pounded until something like the future form was outlined. The groove was formed by grinding and polishing after having been ru lely pecked to some depth. The manufacture of either an axe or a celt required not more than a day's time. Many of the specimens give evidence that they have been but little worked. In a large percentage of celts the edge is upper portion being rude. The axes,

Stone hammers, mauls and pestles come in this classification. The mauls are found largely in the neighborhood of the ancient copper mines of Lake Superior, at the flint quarries of Arkansas and Central Ohio and on the plains of the West. They have been used for diversified purposes. Upon the plains by both modern and pre-historic savages for the breaking of heavy bison crania in order to get at the brains, for the splitting of the long bones of the skeleton in order to extract the marrow and at the points named above for various purposes. Hammers found upon village sites have been used for a series of purposes. To drive pegs, pound hides, to break stones, etc.. etc. The hammers are mostly grooved, although those which are ungrooved may have been fastened in raw hide and attached to the ends of sticks to be used as war clubs. Many seem to have formed a part of a squaws outfit: others have been carried upon the expeditions of the war

riors. Hammers found throughout upon a flat stone, or in a wooden cavity, Ohio exclusive of Flint Ridge, will and ground. There is no evidence average about pound in weight. that a table or flat slab was used continThose occurring upon the great plains uously as among the tribes of the southof the west vary from 2 to 10 pounds, west and Mexico. while the thousands found at the flint quarries and upon the site of ancient copper mines, range from 15 to even 30 pounds in weight. The form suggests the use and very little need be said regarding them.

Pestles are even more widely distributed than the classes named above. They are of two forms, the short flat base and tapering cone-point variety and the long roller-shaped form. The latter are more numerous on the Pacific coast and throughout the South. The former seem to be confined largely to the tribes of the Mississippi Valley. Only a few of either type exist throughout the East.

Pestles indicate an agricultural people more than any other implement, as they were largely used for the grinding of corn, beans, seeds, etc. Few of them have been found in the Pueblo and Cliff Dweller Country of the southwest. The tribes of the San Juan and Colorado River Valleys use a flat rubbing or grinding stone and a larger table or slab upon which the corn was ground. In Mexico and Central America the rubbing stone and the table occur to the exclusion of the pestle and the roller.

Pestles vary from 4 to 8 inches in height; the rollers from 6 to 30 inches in length. Many of them show a wearing away of one side, as if held continuously in a certain position. Throughout the various river valleys of the Upper Mississippi and Ohio, where corn was cultivated in large quantities by the aborigines, pestles occur by the thousands. In the South the rollers (and occasionally in the North) are found by the hundreds. The corn seems to have been placed

Collectors often exchange unfinished specimens such as are included in the class enumerated in this article. The unfinished axes, pestles, celts or hammers, illustrate the various modes of manufacture of these interesting types nnd are extremely valuable.

The editor of this department would insist upon the preservation of all rude or types generally considered worth less. It is only by a study and comparison of these aboriginal incomplete forms with perfect specimens that a comprehensive idea of the manufacture of axes, pestles, celts and ornaments can be had. The collector who preserves only the perfect specimens of these several varieties, not only does nothing whatever to aid the progress of archæology as a science, but properly belongs in the same class as children who collect spools or cancelled stamps, buttons, etc., just to ascertain how many they can get.

There is not a well authenticated instance where a grooved axe has been found in a mound or a grave. It is therefore very important, if such discovery be made that the finder notify proper authorities.

In the next number of The Archæologist a more lengthy article regarding flint implements and their uses will be presented to readers.

(To be continued.)

Wampum Belts. (By Rev. W. M. Beauchamp.) Much has been said about the antiquity of the Iroquois wampum belts which is quite misleading. Not one of them is old, and there is very little council wampum in existence which was made by Indians. Loskiel said

that the Iroquois had no shell beads of this kind until they obtained them through the Dutch, but that they at first used small colored sticks in their councils. Morgan said much the same about the wampum made of sea-shell, but thought they had some made of fresh water shells before that time. As a matter of fact, while the small wampum is abundant on all recent Iroquois sites, shell beads of any kind are among the rarest of all finds on any prehistoric or early interior New York sites, and it ismuch the same in Canada. Where the small council beads occur, not one in a thousand is of Indian manufacture. These are easily distinguished, the Indian beads being usually larger than those of the whites, having a larger perforation made from both ends, the two conical holes meeting in the center. Those of the white man have a smaller and uniform perforation.

The Iroquois attribute the first use of wampum to Hiawatha, who seems to have lived at the close of the sixteenth century. One story makes his wampum of quills, and another of fresh water shells.

When the Dutch at last brought them wampum, the Iroquois prized it highly, and it appeared in most councils, but much of that mentioned by the French was of porcelain beads. with which the shell beads are now found mingled. So valuable was it in trade that it became and long continued a legal tender in New York. It entered largely into Indian ceremonies and treaties, replacing the sticks and beaver skins used before. It was made into symbolic belts, and both Indians and Whites become adepts at this. Squares and diamonds stood for castles, men for states or nations, lines for roads, and there were many other devices. White beads represented purity or peace; purple something of a serious nature, but the latter was double the value of the former. Even in

councils its value was not forgotten, as the belts given were sometimes taken apart and divided among the nations. Belts contained messages or agreements, but strings were often used. Every Iroquois messenger now carries a string of wampum as his credentials, ed. In these ceremonies strings repreand at condolences they are freely ussent nations, names, addresses and laws. A particular arrangement of the strings conveys some special meaning, and sins are confessed on them at the burning of the white dog. A full set of chief's wampum is quite a study.

For a long time the Dutch made most of the wampum in use west of New England. furnishing supplies to in New Jersey less than fifty years ago. Canada. It was quite a business still Sir William Johnson, by his free use of belts, gave a great impetus to the trade, and the broad belts became more abundant than were before. They were made of long pieces of buckskin or twine, the beads being placed transversely between these. As a rule they were narrow, but one at Onondaga is 49 beads wide, and some others are nearly equal in breadth. All at that place are modern, as I have closely examined them; all being of white manufacture, and several of them on a foundation of twine. No belts probably escaped plunder at the sacking of the Onondaga towns in 1779, so complete was the surprise, and it is proper to give a later date to all of these. These little beads vary considerably in length and thickness being reckoned by the fathom on all state occasions, but having a fixed value by the bead. Sometimes they were at a premium, but sometimes, through lack of care in making, there was a debased currency estimated accordingly. A quarter of an inch is the usual length. width of a belt may be reckoned from this making due allowance for the intervening thongs.

The

After white contact, shell beads, gorgets and other ornaments quickly increased among the Iroquois and some of these were of large size and fine workmanship. Although not so elaborate some of the gorgets are quite suggestive of some of those from the South. Besides the common council wampum and the larger beads, I have a few small disk beads from an Oneida site, such as the western Indians use.

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