Passing through the western part of the village I came upon a large area recently cleared of its growth of young forest trees. The surface was varied by count'ess humps and hollows, and I found, by careful inspection, that it was the site of ancient forest which had been uprooted by a tornado. A few of the great root masses were still preserved, and in some cases where the wood had entirely disappeared, the mounds of earth were still three feet high and the associated pits or hollows were nearly that deep. The humps and pits were so numerous as to disturb nearly one-half of the original level surface of the ground and the disturbances must have extended in many cases to a depth of from four to six feet. Here, evidently, was the distributing agency sought, and one entirely competent to accomplish all that had been observed of distribution. Not only was this much obvious, but it appeared, further, that a factory site upon which relics were distributed, disturbed by such an uprooting of forest trees, could not do otherwise than present exactly the conditions observed in the loams of the terrace plain. Indeed, it may be said that in a locality where forests grow on and in deposits so unstable as are these Little Falls loams, it is impossible that surface accumulations of articles of stone should remain for a long period entirely upon the surface; and the explanation thus furnished of the distribution of the worked quartzes of this locality through the glacial deposits, to the depth of four feet or more, is so satisfactory that no other theories are called for and little further discussion seems necessary.

The process of distribution of surface articles throughout the superficial loams by this agency may be illustrated by a series of sections. The section presented in Fig. 3 exhibits the conditions of a cluster of shop sites such as had accumulated on the prairie margin when the manufacture of quartz implements was going on. There may or may not, have been a forest at the time without affecting the final result although a longer period must be allowed if the

FIG. 3. Normal distribution of recent quartz shop-refuse upon the prairie surface, the black angular figures representing the refuse.

forests had to grow after the site was deserted by the arrow-makers. The immediate result of the uprooting of a forest upon such a site is depicted in Fig. 4. Portions of the quartzes would descend into the pits and portions would be

carried up with the roots. When the wood rotted away the quartzes would be distributed over the mounds and in the hollows somewhat as shown in Fig. 5

FIG. 5. Distribution of quartzes over humps and in hollows after the rotting of uprooted trees.

and by the time the elevated portions of the soil had again settled into the general level of the prairie the conditions would be pretty much as indicated in Fig. 6. This result is really most remarkable, yet, as I have shown, inevitable-time being allowed-under the conditions existing at Little Falls. It is seen that in the period occupied by the uprooting and decay of a forest and the settling of the loose earth back to its original level, the modern quarry-shop

FIG. 6. Distribution of quartzes resulting from forest uprooting, exemplified in the surface deposits of

Little Falls.

site with its bed of fragments, flakes and failures may be so changed in character as to afford striking proof of a paleolithic min of glacial age. The record may be so altered in the period of a generation as to be read ten thousand years instead of fifty. Such is the magic of nature's transformations and such are the pitfalls set for unwary explorers. It is true that since the occupation of this site by the quartz flakers, many forests may have fallen, but proof of this must necessarily be hard to secure, and if secured must still fall short of carrying the history of man back to glacial times.

In support of the theory that man dwelt in the valley of the Mississippi some ten thousand years ago it is pointed out that artificial quartzes are distributed through portions of the superficial glacial deposits. I have shown that there are many ways in which this distribution could have taken place under modern conditions and through causes operating within the century. It may be objected that I have really proved nothing with respect to the recent introduction of the quartzes into the loams of this particular site, but I would observe that this is not essential. I have shown that the presence of worked quartzes in the unstratified, superficial loams furnishes no real support for the theory of a glacial man.

In the study of this site, three problems have come up for consideration, first, is there evidence of human occupation of this locality early in the gravel-forming era as deduced by Miss Babbitt from the discovery of worked quartzes along the base of the terrace? second, is there evidence of man's presence at the close of the glacial epoch, as indicated by the occurrence of art forms distributed through the surface loams? and third, is there evidence that the art or any part of the art attributed to either of these horizons is paleolithic? All of these questions may be answered emphatically in the negative. It is clear from the facts presented in the preceding pages, that had a thoroughly careful and well directed study of the phenomena of the site been made in the first place, the first and last of these questions need never have arisen.

The mistakes made by Miss Babbitt are precisely such as others have made through taking up investigations in the geologic department of archæology without adequate knowledge either of the processes and phenomena of geology or of the arts and habits of our aboriginal peoples. It is manifestly easier 10 explain the puzzling phenomena of prehistoric archæology in America by current theories borrowed from foreign sources, than to attribute them 10 conditions and causes of which no knowledge has been acquired. Like mistakes are made to some extent by all students and at all stages of progress in research, and it must be regarded as a duty rather thin as a charity to piss lightly over all such shortcomings in the work of genuine investigators; at the same time our highest duty is to scienc, an I vital errors, no matter what their origin, should be unhesitatingly pointed out, and expunged from the records.

In closing, it may be stated with entire confidence that there is no available evidence of either a paleolithic man or glacial man in any part of the upper Mississippi valley. So far as my own observations and interpretations go, the vestiges of early man in Minnesota are confined exclusively to ordinary traces of Indian occupation. Considering the facts observed at Little Falls, and all the known ethnic phenomena of the region, this conclusion is so simple and

natural that it ought to stand unquestioned until positive proofs to the contrary, proofs not yet foreshadowed, are brought forward and subjected to the tests of science.

ARCHEOLOGY OF PERU.

Concluded.

[BY G. A. DORSEY.]

N eight hours mule journey to the east of Cuzco brings one to the valley of the Yucay. This valley for a distance of about thirty miles must have been once an earthly paradise. Its elevation is about eight thousand feet above the level of the sea and it has a mild, even temperature throughout the year: On the western side it is shut in by the walls of the plateau of Cuzco rising abruptly five thousand feet. The eastern barrier is fora.ed by the giant spur of the eastern Cordillera, whose crest is one unbroken mass of snow and ice. The flora of this region is probably the most luxuriant of that of any part of Peru outside of the Montaña. The valley is watered by the Urabamba, the parent streim of the Amazon, which we had seen two or three weeks before taking its rise from a tiny marsh lake one hundred and fifty miles south of Cuzco. This river for the greater part of the valley flows through banks artificially made with cut stone. In many parts of the valley the sides of the mountains are terraced. Often these terraces are many miles in length. following the natural curve of the valley, and rising a thousand or more feet, present a beautiful and graceful appearance. These formed the Andenes, or hanging gardens of the Inca chieftains or rulers who made this valley their summer home. At the upper end of the vall y is the for 1 ress and palace of Pisac. The little town of Pisac stands on the east side of the valley close in at the foot of the mountain. The fortress itself stands on a spur of the mountain almost six thousand feet perpendicularly above the town and is reached by a winding road which in many places is hewn out of the solid rock. The most interesting part of the fortress is the observatory, where the Incas carried on their as' ronomical observations. Leading from the palace. which stands near the observatory, there is a narrow path around the side of the mountain to a point where it presents a smooth perpendicular surface for several thousand feet. Into this almost inaccessible cliff the tombs were cut. It has been estimated that there are six thousand of these tombs within one mile of the fortress. Many of the tombs are perfectly formed and their entrances have been closed with cut stones. This was the usual mode of burial in this region except tha' in some cases natural caverns, caused by the earthquakes, in the sides of the mountains have been used instead of the artificial tombs. The dead were prepared for burial in a somewhat similar manner to that practiced on the east and in fact throughout Peru. The wrappings of

the body, however, were not solely of cloth as on the coast, but the body was enveloped in a coil of rope made of vegetable fibre, the face of the person alone being exposed. With the bodies, as on the coast, were placed the various implements, utensils and other objects used in life. The art displayed by the Incas* in their pottery and textiles was of a more quiet, refined and artistic type than that of the people on the coast. The decorations were more often in color than in incused or stamped figures, but carved faces were often shown in relief. Many of the large wooden vases have portrayed on them in a very realistic manner scenes illustrative of mythological beliefs and daily life. One of the commonest scenes portrayed is that of a hand-to-hand conflict between the Incas and their savage neighbors, the Chunchas. From these we are enabled to form a very clear idea of the dress and weapons of the ancient, civilized and savage tribes.

Standing as sentinel at the lower end of the valley is the fortress Ollantaytambo. This beautiful fortress possesses a two-fold interest, inasmuch as it is the central point of the greatest of the dramas of the Incas known as Ollantay, and it is said that the fortress was built by the general Ollantay, who, because he could not have the consent of Pachacutic to marry his daughter, Cusi Coyllur, revolted and establishing himself at this point, built the fortress which bears his name and made a successful resistance against the combined forces under the royal leader, Rumiñaui, for ten years. The fortress itself is one of the most beautiful in Peru and one of the most inaccessible in all America. The little town of Ollantaytambo is for the greater part just as it was four hundred years ago and the people there today live in the original houses just as they were before the advent of the first Spaniards. The approach to the fortress is by means of an inclined road cut in the solid rock, finally landing one in a system of gardens or terraces still in a good state of preservation. Having gained the topmost terrace one passes along what is known as the "Nitched Corridor." It has its exit through a doorway of perfectly cut stone. One then stands upon a plateau-like spur and around him in every direction are the immense blocks of granite and porphyry, which lie strewn about in the greatest profusion and bear witness, as is the case with many of the wonderful structures in the interior of Peru, that the fortress was never completed. The most remarkable feature of the fortress consists of six porphyry slabs averaging fourteen feet in height, six feet in width and two feet in depth, forming the back of the fortress. They are joined together by means of small stones. but cut with such marvelous precision that in no single place can one insert the point of a knife. All the stones used in the construction of the fortress and the terraces were brought from the quarry on the other side of the river a distance of nine miles.

Above the fortress itself, at an elevation of 9,000 ft. above the valley, stands the house which tradition says was the private residence of the general Ollantay. It resembles very much the story and a half stone houses which may yet be found in New England, which were built in pre-revolutionary times. It is of cut stone with windows and doorways and is in perfect condition except the roof. This was originally probably of thatch and has long since fallen into de

Following a common use of the term Incas as applied to the people although used correctly this

term should be confined to the chiefs er rulers,