have so mixed the glacial with the flood deposits of recent times that specimens are unreliable. Indian Graves. would indicate that the deceased had been in mutual contact with the whites. To what tribe this Indian belonged I am unable to say. It may have been the Kickapoos who had a village further down the river, or else some wandering tribe. On a high ridge a few rods west of this grave is an Indian burial ground, but whether they correspond with this grave I am not prepared to say as none of them have been explored. These graves are covered with limestone which was carried from a ledge near by. GEORGE J. REMSBURG. ATCHISON, KAN. BOOK REVIEWS. The Speech of Monkeys, by R. L. Garner. New York, '92, (75c.) Charles L. Webster & Co. The writer in company with Ed. Handley, and John and Will Eiche. explored an Indian grave on Walnut creek about five miles south of the city of Atchison not long since. The grave was located on a beautiful knoll in the midst of the timber in the creek bottom. At a depth of about four feet a human skeleton was found lying in a prostrate position with the head to the west. The different bones were in a good state of preservation, and the skull was supplied with a perfect set of teeth. With the skeleton were found small bits of decayed cloth together with a large number of small ornaments resembling tiny sleigh bells which produce a jingling sound when In this work Mr. Garner treats of shaken. These had evidently been at- matters of great interest to the evolutached to the garments of the deceas- tionist. He touches upon an entirely ed. A common china plate, orna- new subject and his observations will mented around the edge was placed be of value to science. It cannot be over the breast of the dead Indian.' said that he has proved that which the The signification of this I have not title of his book would indicate. But been able to decipher, but the prba- he has at least opened the gate to a new bility is that it points to a supersti- field of investigation, and he should be tious custom with the tribe to which given all credit. the deceased belonged. It was a custom among certain tribes to place with their dead a certain amount of food for the benefit of the departed on his long journey to the happy hunting grounds. Such may have been the case in this instance, and the plate may have served as a receptacle for the food. It is evident that the remains had been placed in a hewn log as large pieces of decayed wood, to which the bark was still clinging, were found all around the edges of the vault. Everything goes to show that this was the grave of a modern Indian, and the objects found therein The nature of his observations in Africa have not been set forth in this volume. Judging from the evidence submitted (and it lacks in quantity) the intelligence of the Simian family is really very remarkable. It is possible that sounds are employed to communicate ideas. but Mr. Garner has not attempted to give us a vocabulary. In some of his observations he has not recorded sufficient details. While many of the sounds could not be made familiar to the reader by means of the alphabet he should have given such as could be reproduced. Chapter V of Part II, of his work in the most im portant section of the volume. quote some of his most positive statements. * We cases where corn has been found. The volume shows pains taking research and gives to the student in proper form a great mass of testimony which he could not possibly collect inside of three months-matter which would be unavailable unless he understood the European Languages. * * "The sounds which monkeys make are voluntary.deliberate and articulate They are always addressed to some certain individual with the evident purpose of having them understood. The monkey indicates by his own acts and the manner of delivery that he is conscious of the meaning which he desired to convey through the medium of the sounds. They wait for and expect an answer and if they do not receive one frequently repeat the sounds. "The same sound is interpreted to mean the same thing and obeyed in the same manner by different monkeys of the same species. Different sounds are accompanied by different gestures and produce different results under the same conditions. They make their sounds with the vocal organs and modulate them with the teeth. tongue and lips, in the same manner that man controls his vocal sounds. The fundamental sounds appear to be pure vowels, but faint traces of consonants are found in many words, especially those of low pitch, and since I have been able to develope certain consonant sounds from a vowel basis, the conclusion forees itself upon me that the consonant elements of human speech are developed from a vowel basis." It opens with an analysis of the plant upon botanical lines. Next he takes up archæological proofs and refers to sculptures of the plant in Yucatan, Mexico, and of the ears upon Peruvian pottery. He also speaks of large quntities of corn found in the pre-historic cemetery at Madisonville. O. In concluding his Sec. C., archæ logical proofs, he states: "We conclude that from the archæological data it seems very likely that Maize originated north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and was carried south by barter or trade." Under Sec. D. (ethnological proofs) he states that the Mound Builders were the Alligeni referred to in ancient traditions of Algonquins and that these people used Maize giving same to northern and eastern Indians. The only point which any one who has carried on extensive explorations in the Ohio Valley would dispute is his statement regarding the bison. He contends that the bison was not in Ohio before 1000 A. D. Bison bones were We would recommend the book to fun 1 (a complete skeleton) in one of all students of anthropology. Maize, a botanical and economic study, by John W. Harshberger, Ph. D.. University of Pennsylvania ($1.50.) We have seen but few archeological studies which equal this splendid monograph. Dr. Harshberger has compiled all that has been written in French, German, Spanish and English regarding Maize. To this he has added reports of exploration among pre-historic ruins, mounds, graves and the mounds near Flint Ridge, Licking county, O. The flint quarries are conceded to be very ancient and were worked long before the historic period. Material from the ridge accompanied the skeleton. Corn of the southwest seems to have been very small. judging from the ears and grains found in the cliff houses. The natives did not know how to improve it by cultivation and used no car in selecting seeld. Under Sec. E. (philosophical proofs later date spread their sway to the far south, carrying the germs of agriculture and the rudiments of the arts to the barbarous tribes in the Bolivian and Chilian highlands, and this argues for a comparatively recent developement of their civilization and agriculture for in Mexico all the tribes practiced agriculture, but in South America, among the wild tribes. agriculture was yet in its insipient stage." he gives a large vocabulary of names the great Panama trade route, at a for Indian Maize and notes a similarity. One singular method of fertilizing corn was in vogue among the Indians of 1600. They would dig a small hole with a rude hoe made of wood, bone or muscle shell fastened to a short stick. Several grains of corn and one fish were dropped in the hole and covered up. The fish formed a good fertilizer. In this connection it is interesting to note thousands of notched muscle shells found in village sites in Ohio. The Every page contains numerous referedges of these are invariably worn. We have always considered them hoes, and Dr. Harshberger's account confirms the opinion. The work closes with some references to the utility of Maize, the quantities consumed in the world, etc. We shall quote a paragragh of special interest to the readers of The Archæologist: "This brief ethnological survey of the North and South American tribes is useful in showing the comparative age and cultural position of the agricultural races of Indians. That the Mayas were the superiors of any other race on the North or South American continent and were the source of a large part of the indigenuous American cultuere is proved; (1) by the fact that the tribes and Mound Builders in the present territory of the United States were just entering on the agricultural state; (2) because the Pueblos built structures of scarcely higher order than the Cliff Dwellers, who were driven by the invasion of wilder tribes to build in the mountain fastnessess instead of living on the plains in round or rectangular huts of stone and mud: (3) because the Nahnas evidently borrowed their agriculture from the more advanced Maya tribes in the south, with whom they came in contact in their settlements and migrations: (4) because the Incas occupying a northern location at first near ences to publications. The book is the work of a scholar, of an anthropologist and deserves to occupy a high place in scientific literature. NOTES AND NEWS. In the Detroit Free Press of Nov. 12, 1893, Mr. H. I Smith contributes a valuable article entitled "Anthropology at the University of Michigan." In the course of remarks concerning the importance of the new science in the University he says, "Anthropology, instead of being another burden to the list of studies of the student, is, on the contrary, a help. All his other studies are made more easy by understanding their origin, history and the relation which they must have to the wellfare of man. Besides this, anthropological study tends to develop a liberality of thought and a strong respect for the customs, government and religion of other races." Two Akka girls who were rescued from Arab capturers by Dr. Stuhlman and his companions have been brought to Europe, and will remain in Germany for some months. In the summer they will be taken back to Africa, where they will be placed in some mission house, or otherwise provided for. They are supposed to be between seventeen and twenty years of age. A correspondent of the London Daily News, who saw them at Naples, Italy, says they are well proportioned, and as tall as a boy of eight years of age. Their behavior is "infantile, wild and shy, but without timidity." One of them was always cross, bending her head, and glaring from beneath frowning brows, while the other often laughed joyously, was pleased with bead bracelets and other trinkets given to her, and expressed by a queer sniff of her flat nose her appreciation of some chocolate bonbons. After making “a capital dinner on rice and meat" they greatly enjoyed the sunshine in a pretty garden, where they gradually grew more conndent, and finally allowed themselves to be photographed arm in arm with the little son of their hostess." "The coquettish one shook with laughter, and seemed to guess that a process was going on flattering to her vanity, while the cross one still looked gloomy and They showed suspicious. wonder nor admiration of the people and things around them in the artistically furnished house and tasteful garden. Their eyes, though large and lustrous, have less expression than the eyes of a monkey.". These interesting representatives of one of the pigmy races of the world are to be pre neither sented to various scientific societies in Berlin. Scientific American. The Evil Effect of Civilization Upon the Eyes of Indians. Dr. Carlos Montezuma, the government physician of the Indian school at Carlisle, has brought to Philadelphia thirty Indian children of both sexes for eye treatment at the MedicoChirurgical hospital. The cases are of great interest in optical study, as they show just what effect civilization has upon the eyes of the redskin, who is accustomed to prairie life with all its freedom of action, says the Press. The disease with which the eyes of the little band is afflicted is inflamed eyelids. The smoky teppees largely cause this trouble and when brought east the contagion spread throughout the school. It often runs into granular lids with a tendency to destroy the eyesight. Sometimes ulcers of the correa get so bad that the eye shrinks away and the eyeball has to be removed. But the cases of the children just brought on were not so severe, with the exception of one boy who will possibly lose one of his eyes. Upon examination it was found that the Indian boy and girl have one-tenth more vision than a white child. They are what might be called "far-sighted." Their eyes are adjusted to discern objects at great distances. Consequently when they are brought east and placed in schools there is a complete change in visual objects. What they see is near at hand. They become subject to headaches, due to the great strain caused; disease follows. An interesting feature has been brought out in the tests for color Indian has an extremely low average blindness. It has been found that the of color defects. Color blindness in an Indian is very rare. About twenty of the thirty children had their eyes only use when reading or studying. tested for glasses. which they will Dr. Montezuma. who brought the children here, is an Indian himself and has had a romantic career. He is of the Apache tribe, his father being one of the bravest of these fierce warriors. When five years old he was carried away captive by the Pruise Indians, who had made war on the scape photographer, who took him to Apaches, and later was sold to a landIllinois and sent him to the State University and later to the Chicago Medical college. Note-The cuts in Vol. II. No. 1. pages 29 and 30, are one-half natural size. F the various sites reputed to have furnished evidence of the presence of glacial man in America, Trenton, N. J., has always taken precedence and is still the focal point of interest to students of the question. Next in importance, so far as the literature of the subject indicates, is the site at Little Falls, Minn. Attention had been called to the Minnesota site however, before Trenton came into notice, by Prof. N. H. Winchell, state geologist of Minnesota, to whom belongs the credit of the discovery of relics of human handicraft in Little Falls as well as the credit of accurate and complete observation of the occurrence of objects of flaked quartz in the superficial glacial deposits. As far back as 1877 he noticed the occurrence of mounds and camp sites with various relies on the site now occupied by Little Falls. He also found that quartz chips and rudely worked pieces were distributed to a depth of three or four feet in the surface stratum of glacial sand. My own observations confirm, in every respect, those of Prof. Winchell, but the examination of other groups of related phenomena makes it necessary to revise his inferences and conclusions. Finding relics of art deeply imbedded in the deposits capping the terrace, he inferred that the site was occupied by men during the closing episodes of the glacial period and coupling this idea with the fact that the shaped relics were all extremely rude he further inferred that the culture of that time must have been paleolithic. My investigations have shown, however, that the flaked quartzes were probably not originally included in the loam, but rather that they were introduced into it in post-glacial times, and that they were rude because mere shop refuse, the period of occupation thus, in all probability, corresponding to that of our historic aborigines. In these views Prof. Winchell now fully acquiesces. Several years later Miss Babbitt engaged in investigations of this place. Finding numerous flaked quartzes outcropping along the terrace front near the base, she assumed that the deposit was interbedded with the gravels at this level and inferred that man must have occupied the site early in the gravel forming epoch. Being unable to explain the fact that the flaked objects were all of rude types without supposing an exclusively rude state of art, |