chalk bluffs of the San Diego river the past ten years, one hundred and (Dural county) Texas. At the cliffs tive collections have been sold. Elevmammoth tusks and bones were found. But the rumor that flint chips were associated with these extinct remains was not confirmed. Indian re mains had fallen down from the loam surface of the bluff tops, and had mingled with the bones of extinct species in the talus. Important discoveries were made in the Lookout and Nickajack caves, near Knoxville, Tenn. Here, in the undisturbed mass of human and animal refuse on the floors of the caves, there was no question of the association, as the bones in the museum have been positively identified by Professor E. D. Cope, the eminent paleontologist of the University. Man had there lived with the deer, tortoise, elk, rabbit, raccoon, soft-shelled turtle, opossum, spade-footed toad, wild cat, wild turkey, squirrel and otter, for he had generally killed and eaten these creatures, whose remains, very rarely gnawed by animals, lay scattered above and below his fireplaces. The most important discovery was that of bones of the extinct peccary, found also at Hartman's cave, and of two teeth of the tapir (Tapirus Americanus). Information for Collectors. (Continued.) Large and small relic collections are sold every year. Generally the more extensive collections find their way into permanent museums in America or abroad. The unimportant ones are usually split up and scattered unto the four winds of Heaven.-although occasionally one finds its way into the hands of a private collector who adds it to his own and ultimately sells or donates his cabinet to some institution. As near as I can ascertain. in en of these were forever dispersed by auction sales, Twenty-nine were sold to dealers and were consequently lost to science. Thirty are held by collectors of means who will probably place them where future preservation will be assured, and thirty-five went to museums. Thus it will be seen that 33 per cent are already saved,-and that at least 20 per cent (of the wealty and intelligent collectors hold-♦ ings) will be preserved at some future time. There are about seven hundred fair sized collections at present in the hands of individuals in the United States. This enumeration does not take into account persons who possess less than fifteen hundred specimens. Assuming that the same proportion of objects will be preserved in the future as have been in the past, we can safely count on 53 per cent of the present holdings ultimately finding way into museums. I have collected the above statistics with great care. They are the result of observations among collectors covering a period of nine years and while there may be a few numbers one way or the other "off color," in the main they will be found accurate. Now let us look at the number of objects in museums. In 1893 the number held by the eighty-eight (large or small) Archæologic museums of the United States and Canada, ranged from 11.030,000 to 12,000.000. Of course over 60 per cent of these specimens are flint implements, broken pottery and bones: 49 per cent may safely be considered as consisting of good material. The number held by collectors, farmers and students cannot be estimated, even approximately. But I would venture the opinion that it greatly exceeded that exhibited by the museums, although, perhaps, inferior in quality. The object which I have in setting forth the above statistics is two-fold. First, I would call attention to the enormous mass of "surface found" archæologic material in the United States. Second, to the importance of keeping local collections together, as a whole. No museum needs more single specimens, or "pretty and perfect relies or objects just to show" art forms. The museums are full of axes, celts, pipes, banner stones, discoidals, hematites, tubes, slate ornaments and ceremonials, pestles, hammers, etc. What the museums need (as of great value to Archæologic Science) are collections from a single locality including everything found in that locality. They want the finds of the villages site, the studies in unfinished specimens, the poor and the good, the imperfect as well as the perfect. In this regard the collectors make a great error. Most of them do not save everything but cling to the "pretty relics" and discard the rough and the rude. Personally, I would give more for a collection, provided it contained all the types, all the tinds of a certain valley than for just the fine, perfect objects of that valley. From a collection of the latter I would be misled. for, if I accepted it as indicative of the status of culture of the people of that valley, I would say that they made most beautiful works of aboriginal art, nothing rude or unfinished being turned out by their artisans. In such a statement I would be unpardonably wrong. Because museums and collectors have so many million surface, scattered or unrecorded finds there are many collections on sale today. I can name forty collections averaging six thousand specimens, which cost from $2,000 to $10.000 each and can be bought for $700 on the average. In Board of Trade language "the market is full," no one is short, all are long on relics! There is a good demand for scientific exhibits, but who has one for sale? Where is a collector in the United States who offers a strictly high class cabinet? They have all gone astray after the "pretty relics." Those who had good local collections have long ago sold out. The proof of the pudding is in the eating thereof. Consequently, if art forms bring no price, why do not collectors confine their cabinets to the locality wherein they reside? (I speak of collecting now from a financial standpoint.) It is much more convenient to collect from one's country. Why do you gather from all over the country? As a summary of the above, I would beg of collectors to save all finds and not discriminate. Concerning the sale and purchase of specimens there is much to be said. When a man, who has long been a collector, is in financial straits, he must sell out whether to a dealer or an institution. The latter is slow to purchase, but it invariably pays more than the former. I would advise him to try the institutions first, then individuals and lastly the dealer. I have nothing against the dealers, it is only because I regret to see collections broken up that I place them last on the list. A man should avoid, if possible, the sale of his collection. He should not split it up. particularly if it is local. If he has bought it of Tom, Dick and Harry there is little difference what he does with it. Never split complete finds. I mean by complete finds a cache of leaf-shaped implements, or a mound find. Under no circumstances break it up. The laws in such instances are as inexorable as the rules governing a whist player. What damage has been done bythe seattering of a series of beautiful fiint implements, or the separating of a skeleton from its copper, its pipes, its orna ments, its beads! In my previous buy a small typical collection, illustratpaper I begged collectors not to at- ing the life and arts of one tribe— tempt explorations. Not only do I re- found in a limited area. If the reader iterate my former statement, but in will pardon a personal illustration, I addition beg that the results of field will endeavor to "cinch" my point. work be forever kept with proper rec- Many years ago when I began collecting ord. If they must be sold, give the I paid $2,500 to three well known dealoption to some museum or wealthy ers for a large lot of beautiful specicollector. For Heaven's sake don't mens. For a long time I highly prized scatter them. them. But when several institutions contemplated the purchase of my collection, did they regard those "pretty relics" as highly as I did? Not much! They offered more for my complete sets, my fleld finds and entire local collections. The fine objects from all parts of the Mississippi Valley were of little value to them. Every large collection put up for sale would be judged just as mine was. We talk of the ltttle known regarding the pre-Columbian natives of America and we blame early investigators for carelessness and because they failed to record in detail their observations. But with due allowance for short comings, the early students were angels compared with the vandals found in the ranks of collectors. When in Ross county, at Hopewell's group. it made my heart sick to see nearly every week a string of beads, a skull or some ornament brought in by an ignoramus who had dug it up and now desired to sell it. Every survey stirs up interest among the country collectors. They attempt exploration on their own accounts and destroy in a few days more than a well appointed survey can preIn this they are not alone guilty, for the city collector of means offers cash for the finds and encourages the work of destruction. serve. It might be asked, if all the above is condemned, what is permissable? The sale of a whole collection, or a part of it. so long as complete finds are not split is always proper. Single specimens, bought of dealers, may be sold with a free conscience. Also complete finds. What is really wrong is the destruction of scientific testimony. As to the purchase of relics. old collector knows what he needs. shall not attempt to suggest to him. The beginner may desire slate ornaments, pipes or spear-heads. It would be much better if he would take the twenty dollars he would expend and The I Every few years a great cry is raised about counterfeit relics. It stands as the old cry of "Wolf! Wolf!" did. In Missouri, during '76 to '83, cinsiderable pottery was manufactured to satisfy a large demand. At the same time in Philadelphia and Southern Indiana (near Cincinnati) relics were made. Of late years in Western Pennsylvania and at Wyman. Mich.. singular specimens have been set afloat. Only the ignorant are caught. The old collectors know the frauds, and, besides, it would take a man such a long time to make a valuable relic and the price would be so low that it would not pay to enter into the business. With eight exceptions, relic dealers are broken down men who have failed in every thing else. The business does not pay even where one carries it on extensively and steers clear of all suspicious specimens. I challenge any one to point out a single dealer who has made even a small fortune out of it. With regard to exchange. little need be said. It is very beneficial where properly carried out. But usually some one wants to trade his poorest and most worthless objects for something which will be of great scientific and of value. It is like horse trading-it savors of rascality. If exchangers traded complete finds, whether of poor or good material, benefits might accrue but usually some beginner "does" another beginner. However, among collectors there are often valuable exchanges, If the readers of The Archæologist would avail themselves of our exchange department. I am confident that each one engaged in a trade would meet with satisfactory results. commercial value-and at the same time you will have a collection which shall illustrate the historic people's of the region wherein your correspondent lives. In the course of one or two years, by judicious collecting in your own vicinity, and purchase of farmers, store-keepers and small collectors, you will amass a sufficient number of specimens to make several such exchanges. By such means one would soon have a collection which would cover a number of states and be of great value. Sup HOW TO ENLARGE A COLLECTION AT pose the collector lived in Missouri SMALL EXPENSE. Instead of exchanging, purchasing or wasting time in small correspondence, select through the columns of The Archæologist a half dozen or more responsible, well known collectors, Arrange with them for an exchange of one-third of your collection for onethird of theirs. For instance, suppose that you have 3,000 specimens in your cabinet. Select from that number 1.000 which shall fairly show the arts, daily life and burial customs of the tribes inhabiting the region in which you made your collection. Write to the references given by your correspondent and ascertain if he is a man of god standing in his community. If $), submit to him a detailed proposition setting forth what you have an what you desire. Accompany your communication by photographs. if possible, otherwise send on drawings, which you are to execute to the best of your ability. Give him both good and poor, finished and unfinished specimens. Have it understood that he is to furnish you similar objects. Do not send him all your poor and worthless specimens, trusting to get the better of him in the exchange. If this be carefully followed out you will still have a representative collection from your locality he would desire to represent the whole of the Mississippi Valley besides his own state. If he had collected for five or six years his cabinet would probably illustrate the lives of the people who once occupied the region near his home. He could easily spare one-third of that collection. Let him exchange with some one living in Southern Illinois. His next exchange would be with some one living in Mississippi, Minnesota or Ohio. Thus in five or six years he would have fifteen or twenty thousand specimens which would practically cover the Mississippi Valley. It would not break the value of his cabinet. One or two thousand specimens are amply sufficient to illustrate any given locality. When one has more than that number, let him select from his cabinet and exchange. If possible he should avoid sale. There appers each month in this magazine the advertisements of a great many dealers, yet I doubt if any of them, no matter how extensive, receives an income from archæologic trade equal to that of the ordinary second class clerk. If the following suggestions are followed out by the collectors in possession of larger cabinets, I am confident that much good will be accomplished and that the science of pre-historic anthropology will be advanced. tion that Mr. G. A. Dorsey, (who has written upon Peruvian archæology for The Archæologist) will be first assistant. He is now at Harvard completing his course for the Ph. D. degree, and will be ready to come to Chicago, Juy 1. No field work will be attempted by the museum before next summer. Each collector knows his region manage a great museum than any oththoroughly and he should use that er aspirants to the position. We have knowledge both to aid other collectors it on the authority of inside informaand in giving institutions information regarding village sites, mounds and enclosures. It is only by co-operation on the part of both collectors and the s'ientists that we will arrive at anything like a comprehensive knowledge of the pre-Columbian occupation of America. The editor of the Collector's Department will be glad to enter into correspondence upon any of the matters set forth in the fore-going pages. Next month we will take up the question concerning usages and names of various implements, ornaments and utensils. (To be continued.) The Field Columbian seum. CORRESPONDENCE. ED. ARCHEOLOGIST: In connection with the article by Dr. Snyder in the Decmber issue, concerning the "llama" pipe, it may be of Mu interest to your readers to know that C. T. Wiltheiss, of Piqua, Ohio, found in a stone grave near that town (the county seat of Miami county) a small, irregularly-shaped, flat piece of jade polished over its entire surface, and drilled near one end for suspension as a bead or similar ornament. To anyone entering the Fine Arts Building (now the Field Columbian Museum) a scene of excessive activity presents itself. There are halls and rooms of boxes, cases, furniture and specimens. A small army of men is engaged in reducing chaos to order. One can see but little of interest at the present writing (the 20th of January). It will take several months to place the many thousand exhibits in proper shape and select the good from the bad. Much worthless material has been accepted, but that was unavoidable as donations could not be refused without hurting the feelings of persons who believed they were doing the museum a service No one has been appointed as Chief of Archæology and Ethnology. Dr. Franz Boas is serving temporarily, and it may be that he will be permanently appointed. Quite a number of interested gentlemen desired that one of the Washington men should occupy the place. There are three men in Washingtonwho are more competent to GERARD FOWKE, CHILLICOTHE, O., Dec. 28, 1893. Mr. O. P. Helton, of Shelbyville, Ill., in an open letter to The Archæologist makes a good point concerning Paleolithic Man. It seems to the editor that the gentleman asks a question which may puzzle those strong in Paleolithic faith. He says: "It is well to remember that the ice sheet only covered something like the northern half of the United States. What known conditions existed to prevent primitive men from retreating before the glacial invasion to the southern half of the United States and there remaining?" He also advises collectors and students to confine search to high groun 1, railroad or pike cuts, wells and excavations. That the rivers and streams |