that they may have been residences of an outcast population such as exists at Zuñi today. As each contained a central fire-place it is evident that they were occupied in winter as well as in summer, and were, therefore, not like certain houses scattered through the fields. of the modern Zuñis, used only as temporary shelter for laborers while the crops are growing. These ultra-mural dwellings were very numerous; in one place constituting, of themselves, a town of considerable size, which contained a sun temple but no priest temple. In estimating the age and character of some, at least, of these houses, it must not be forgotten that as late as the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries we have records of the existence of Pima villages in the lower part of the Salt River Valley. I make this statement on the authority of Mr. Bandelier."

The explorers estimated the number of miles of large irrigation canals at 150. The extent in miles of the smaller acequias could not be estimated. "The larger canals vary in width from ten to thirty feet, and in depth from three to twelve feet. Their banks were terraced in such form as to secure always a uniform central current in the canal when the rains ceased in the mountains and the waters diminished. It is thought that this device was to facilitate navigation, and that the canals were used not only for irrigation, but for the transportation of the produce of the fields and of the great timbers from the mountains, which the people must have needed in the construction of their tall temples and other houses." The expedition found canals twelve and fifteen miles from the present site of the river, and yet there is no evidence that the stream has changed its channel. Ranchers of the region have used many of the ditches as wagon roads, and others, especially the Mormons, have cleaned them out and used them to carry water to modern fields. One Mormon told Mr. Cushing that his people had saved $20,000 in one small section of the country by the use of these ancient canals.

BURIALS.

"The bodies of the dead were buried both with and without previous cremation. Those buried without cremation were always buried in the houses, either under the ground floors or in the walls. The cremated remains were interred outside of the houses.

"The wall or mural burials were found mostly in the priest temples, in what remained of the first and second stories; a few were discovered in the communal dwellings. The body in such a burial was inclosed in an adobe case, and a niche was cut in the wall for its reception, which was afterwards filled and plastered over with mud, so as to leave no external evidence of the burial.

"The burials under the floors were confined to the communal dwellings. The graves were constructed with different degrees of care; the more perfect being rectangular holes carefully plastered on the sides with mud and sealed over with the same material. The dead were usually placed with their heads to the east and slightly raised or pillowed so that the faces were turned toward the west. The hands were laid at the sides or over the breast. The lower

extremeties were placed as we place those of our dead, except in one instance, that of an adolescent female who was supposed to have been sacrificed to the gods to avert earthquake. She was buried with the limbs abducted.

"In a few instances, in the communal dwellings, the body was buried partly under the floor and partly in the wall. This was supposed to be for the purpose of economizing space. The trunk, in a supine position, was buried close to the wall; the lower limbs, elevated at right angles to the trunk, were placed in a niche in the wall which was then filled up with mud.

"Among those buried under the floors many were children, and these were found always buried near the kitchen hearths. This is a custom which is found to have prevailed in other parts of the world, and is variously accounted for. Mr. Cushing's explanation derived from Zuñi folklore and belief is this: The matriarchal grandmother or matron of the household deities is the fire. It is considered the guardian, as it is also, being used for cooking, the principal 'source of life' of the family. The little children, being considered unable to care for themselves, were placed, literally, under the protection of the family fire, that their soul-life might be nourished, sustained and increased.'

"Within both the underground and wall sepulchers were found deposited various household utensils, articles of personal adornment and others of a sacerdotal character. In the mural burials of the temples the articles of sacerdotal use were particularly numerous and elaborate. This is one of the many reasons Mr. Cushing has for believing that those buried without cremation were of a sacerdotal and higher class of the community, while those who were cremated were of a lower class, and laymen. The pottery buried with the adults in the graves was left whole, and not broken or 'killed' in the manner to be described when speaking of burials after cremation; that buried in graves with children was, however, usually 'killed' or broken. The sacred paraphernalia referred to were so similar to those used in Zuñi to-day that Mr. Cushing was often able, through the knowledge of the Zuñi priesthoods, to identify the medicine or priestly rank of the silent occupant of a sepulcher.'

"The great majority of the dead were cremated. Each communal dwelling had in close proximity to it, its own pyral mound and, situated at the base of the latter, a collection of earthen vessels containing the remains of the dead - a pyral cemetery. The mounds consisted of ashes, cinders, and fragments of charred and broken mortuary sacrifices; they were from 60 to 100 feet in diameter, from three to nine feet high, and showed evidence of having had from two to six locations for pyres in each. That each pyral mound was appropriate to its neighboring communal house was inferred from the correspondence of certain special marks and designs on the pottery in the pyral cemetery with designs found on pottery in the graves of the contiguous dwellings."

"Double burials were found both with the cremated and the uncremated remains; but were much more common with the latter

Skeleton of Man, supposed to have been killed by earthquake.

than with the former. When two skeletons were discovered in one grave or incinerary vessel they were invariably adult, and, whenever the sex could be determined, one was always found to be a male and the other a female-presumably man and wife. This might be thought to indicate that the wife had been sacrificed at the death of the husband; but in the house-graves there was often evidence that the interments were not simultaneous, the upper grave not being dug exactly over the lower and the bodies having been apparently wrapped in different cerements. It was a rare thing to find three buried in one grave. The illustration shows a double burial, male and female, in which the interments, and probably the deaths, were simultaneous."

They found no copper, save a few small trinkets; no other metal. Pottery occurred in great numbers and in all forms. There were food, water and ceremonial vessels. Some of the specimens were well executed images of animals, birds and human beings. One of the decorations is worthy of especial notice. "It is what the Zuñis call the exit trail of life. It is found inside of food vessels and outside of water vessels; it consists of an opening or hiatus in the single or double encircling paint bands near the margin of the vessel. It is based on the idea** of vessels having souls." The accompanying illustration shows this peculiar mark at a.

"During the first fifteen months of the work of the expedition from 17,000 to 20,000 specimens of various kinds were collected, and many fragments rejected. But the collection would have been far richer were it not for the wanton destruction of much material by visitors. Sometimes when a pyral cemetery or the floor of a large dwelling had been unearthed, and all the articles discovered laid in their original positions to be photographed, a party of sight-seers would appear and, either in the absence of the workmen, or in spite of their remonstrances when present, trample the objects under foot or deliberately kick the pottery to pieces to 'see what was inside.' In the earlier days of the work many fine skeletons were lost in this way. Some persons even appropriated handsome objects and carried them away, maintaining that, as these things were found on public land, all had an equal right to them."

POPULATION.

"What was the population which in ancient days subsisted on the crops watered by the Salado or Salt River, and the stored rains of the neighboring mountains? What was the population of the old Salado settlement? Opinion is divided on this subject, and will probably long continue to be divided. Some who have had the best opportunities of observing the ancient works and studying the problem, estimate the population at from 80,000 to 100,000 souls. Los Muertos, it is calculated, covered an area of over two square miles, and contained about 13,000 inhabitants. There were six other groups of buildings in the region as large or larger than this, and there are indications that they were simultaneously occupied. If it could be shown that they were not occupied at the same time, a much

lower estimate of the population would have to be made. As the land is now becoming rapidly filled with white settlers, and the ancient town sites are being covered with farms and crossed with irrigating ditches, all antiquarian problems become more difficult of solution every day.”

ANTIQUITY.

Zuñi, and

the same Had they

"In 1539, when Friar Marcos made his journey to when, a year later, Coronado marched with an army to point, they passed within about 100 miles of these towns. been inhabited in those days, the travelers would doubtless have heard of them, for the fame of the less significant Seven Cities of Cibola reached them in the heart of Mexico, and induced them to travel 200 miles further northeast than the mouth of the Salado. They were ruins, no doubt, 350 years ago, or at the beginning of the historic period of Arizona. No vestige of anything belonging to the iron age or of European origin was brought to light in the excavation. The writer knows of other ruins in New Mexico and Arizona which, from recorded evidence, are known to have fallen to decay and been abandoned long before the historic period; yet in these textile fabrics and other perishable articles are still found fairly preserved, and particularly the hair of the dead has survived the process of decay. In Los Muertos were found no hair, no cerements, nothing that might have escaped destruction in a thousand years. It is thought by Mr. Cushing that from one to two thousand years may easily have elapsed since the priests of Los Muertos worshipped in its standing temples. The Casa Grande of the Gila was a ruin standing in the sixteenth century, probably, much as it stands to-day; three and a half centuries have wrought little change in it; but the similar priest-temples of the neighboring Salt River are mere mounds of earth. The writer has seen two photographs of the Casa Grande of the Gila taken from the same point of view, one twenty years after the other, yet in the pictures no difference can be discerned in the most minute points and prominences of the ruin, which were subject only to the modifying influences of rain and wind, though the parts within the easy reach of human hands have suffered notably.

"It must be remembered that earthquake may have hastened the fall of the Solado temples. The explorers have found many indications that these cities were abandoned on account of earthquake, and Zuñi myth and tradition point to former migrations of the people induced by seismic disturbances. One skeleton in Los Muertos was found lying on its face, evidently of a person never formally buried, and apparently crushed by falling walls.

"It has been indicated in the previous pages that an intimate relationship in arts, civilization, religion, etc., has been found to exist between the ancient Saladoans and the ancient sedentary people of Arizona and New Mexico in general, as well as the still extant sedentary tribes of this region. A relationship, less intimate perhaps, may be shown to exist between them and the ancient house