scattered around promiscously. It seems that they were buried without any attempt at regularity. In one of the mounds in the southeast corner was found a piece of jaw-bone containing a few teeth, and in the other a few fragments of charred skull were uncovered in the east end. Although only a matter of conjecture, yet it is reasonable to suppose that human sacrifices had there been offered, and after the bodies had been subjected to the action of fire without being entirely consumed, the remains were left in an irregular position and covered with earth and stones.

feet.

The mounds were about fifteen feet in diameter at the base, and about two feet in height. Each mound contained a stone vault measuring two by four The stones which composed these vaults show unmistakable signs of fire. There was a layer of flat stones over the top of each vault, and also a layer of stones, forming a circle around the mounds at the base. The mounds, although they present an ancient appearance, cannot be ascertained how old they are. Such mounds are found at intervals along the bluffs of the Missouri river, all the way from Omaha to St. Louis.

ANCIENT PIPE FROM WEST VIRGINIA.

[BY L. V. MC WHORTER.]

The writer has in his collection of relics an ancient pipe resembling a certain type found by Squier and Davis in their explorations of mounds in the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys.

Figure 1.

This pipe, of which a full sized cut is shown in Fig. 1, is made of fine grit stone, moderately hard, of a blueish cast, and was found in a ploughed field near Willow Grove, Jackson County, West Virginia.

The pertorations bear the usual characteristics of ancient pipes. viz: a wide opening with a gradual narrowing as they approach a point of juncture, that is, funnel shared.

The pipe weighs one and three quarter ounces, and will hold about as much as a ladies good sized thimble.

But its most interesting feature is the human face and head projecting from the front of the bowl.

The eyes are simple dot like depressions. The nose is not prominent, apparently, having been to a certain extent. worn away, the natural sequent of long exposure to the elements. The mouth is represented by two distinct groove like depressions, below which is a small, yet well defined chin.

Radiating from a point at. and below each eye, and extending downward and outward in a fan like expansion over each cheek. are four lines or grooves. Two similar lines are draw horizontally across the entire breadth of the forehead. Starting at angles with the lower of these horizontal lines are two of like form which extend down either side of, and expand along the base of the nose to the upper lip. The marks on the cheeks, says Prof. Wm. H. Holmes, who examined this pipe, are "tear lines, a common thing in shell work." These lines certainly give to the face a sad and melancholly expression of

countenance.

Sculptured pipes are found not only on the surface of the ground and ploughed fields, but in stone graves, and in the depths of the stupendous and mysterious mounds. In point of archæological interest they are not surpassed by any other form of relics left us by the unfortunate aborigines of America. The caricature of the human visage portrayed in primitive sculpture. whether of individual characteristics or of racial types, will continue to be an object of more than special interest to the Anthropologist.

THE ARCHAEOLOGIST. "Rag Narok, or The Age of Fire and

Gravel," contends that the drift was

PUBLISHED MONTHLY AT WATERLOO, IND, really produced by such a collision.

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EDITORIAL.

Perhaps, Mr. Doughty, your works of art came with the comet? Like Mr. Bonnelly, Mr. Doughty refers his readers to passages taken from the Bible to verify his statements. He appears to have gathered a large number of glacial nodules and pebbles and clay stones containing iron, and because of Strange shape and having on them dif ferent colors caused by chemical action wants to make it appear that they are remains of human art. The iron stones are to him not natural concretions but archa-ological objects of the highest interest". Hundreds of them more critically examined failed to produce one unmarked by the hand of man."

To him, or according to his the

Display of Archæological Ig- ory, have human hands living in the

norance.

Tertiary period of geological time Recently was brought before the painted his precious iron-stone nodules archæological public a privately print- red, yellow, purple, blue, green, black, ed pamphlet, so produced because, I white and brown. Not only did they suppose, no reputable publishing house know how to use all these colors: but would lend its name to the production. they had a way of marking their by one Francis Worcester Doughty, a stones, proving that they also had an member of The American Numismat- alphabet. Where, oh where! are the ist and Archæo.ogical Society”, of New _upholders of the theory of the degenYork City, entitled, "Evidences of Man in the Drift." Its great absurdity causes the writer to notice it in this journal, and one is almost compelled, in glancing over its contents, to infer that the author has on the subject of the drift, with its accompanying so- feathered head dresses: then the Caucalled remains of man gone daft.

This numismatist, for he appears to know more about coins than he does of archæology, wishes his readers to believe that the drift which covers a large surface of the Northern Hemisphere was not caused by the great glaciers of geologists, but by a comet suddenly striking the Earth. He agrees with the theory of the Hon. Ignatius Donnelly, who, in his work,

eration of the human race? Verily, in Mr. Doughty they will find a most desirable champion. He has found principally the shape of the human head both full faces and in proffles. The features of some are Indian with

casian type “often heavily bearded and of different styles of cuts."

The features of the negro are also present, painted black, and too the Celt with heavy red beard and mustache". The forms of the dog, horse, sheep, rabbit, black-bear, wolf. manlike-ape, elephant, green-adder, 'parrot, smaller birds and dolphin or whale are also present.

On stones which he calls tablets are

represented human and animal forms although matching each other perfectin groups, and one, he says, shows "a ly. In such cases all sides are worked man with Caucasian features sitting in the presence of several highly colored individuals who approach him with bowed heads. In each instance either the seated figure holds a staff bearing the head of a serpent, or the staff is held before or behind him by another. The seated figure always wears a most elaborate feathered crown, resembling that worn by the Palenque figures."

of this stamp certainly does a great
amount of injury, and, both writer and
his unwise publication should be sup-
pressed.
A. F. BERLIN.

sees in glacial and rolled stones re- that an arrowpoint could be made mains of human art, when indeed they from, porphyry, felcite, and quartz. are but the result of Earth's elements It would be strange if a man capable and chemical action. A publication of making the fine and delicate arrow, the finished gouge and celts, the grooved axe and hammered pestle, should be obliged to lose the use of his gun for the want of a flint. I should lose much of my respect for his skill if I thought him incapable of finding a substitute. He was not the Yankee that I take him for if he did not make something that would answer his purpose. Nearly every piece that I have was found in the fields where relics were most plenty. One fine flint was taken from the edge of a shell-heap on the Maine coast. While near there I found arrows of the Kineo flints.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Scrapers and Gunflints. ED. ARCHEOLOGIST:

Most collectors have, no doubt, like myself, had their attention called to the similarity of the so-called scrapers, to the ancient gunflints. In fact the difference is so slight that in some cases it is almost impossible to tell one from the other. Both have the same flat face, the rounded back, and the delicately chipped edge: and then the size is in most cases nearly the same. In looking over some forty specimens in my collection, I find but a slight variation in size and shape, the largest being by of an inch, and the smallest by of an inch. Most of them are finished only on one edge, though a few of the smaller ones have all four edges neatly beveled; I think this form is not common.

I have never found any trace of use on the finely chipped edge of either scraper or flint; that being evidently the edge that was fastened in the gun, while the other, or thin edge, shows mark of much use. In fact from their form they would seem to be better suited to use in a gun than to be held in the hand, and used to scrape with. CHARLES A. PERKINS.

Jan. 26, 1893.

NOTES.

Now, I have given this subject some attention, and I have often wondered The Canstatt and Neanderthal

if many, if not all of the scrapers, were

Skulls.

archaeology and ethnology I observe that there is still talk of the "race of Canstatt" and the "race of Neanderthal," these imaginary races of ancient Europe being supposed to be represented by the skulls found in those respective localities. The late M. de Quatrefages was, I believe, responsible for the erection of these skulls into "types". and for the theories of prehistoric ethnography based upon them.

not intended by the Indians to be used Even in some very late treatises on as gunflints. After this country was settled by the Whites, many of the Indians obtained flint-lock guns. In course of time the flints were either lost or broken, and the gun was useless. In that case what would be more natural than for the owner to try to make some substitute? and not having the proper flint to take the material most convenient, that would best serve his ends. Some of my specimens from West Virginia are of chirt, but here in eastern Massachusetts I find them of nearly every kind of stone

It should be recognized, once for all, that there is no sort of foundation for these scientific dreams. In neither

instance did the locality in which delineation of a mammoth on a bone these skulls were found guarantee from the Lena cave in the south of them any high antiquity. The Can- France. This was but discussed, bestatt skull was unearthed along with ing probably considered of questionRoman pottery, and in all probability able origin. In the United States two belonged to the fourth or fifth century, such delineations have been brought A. D. The Neanderthal skull, on forward. They are both strikingly which still greater stress has been laid, similar to this French original, which and casts of which are to be seen in has long been made familiar to Amermost archæological museums, was not ican readers through various publicadug up at all, but was picked up in a tions. Both proceed from the valley gully which had been washed in the of the Delaware river. One is on shell mountain side, and came from dear and one on stone. I have examined knows where. Probably there had both originals very carefully, and been an old graveyard farther up the apart from the vagueness which surhill, but by no means one in quater- rounds the finding of both, for purely nary times. The fragment, moreover, technical reasons I believe both to be is so fragmentary, and presents such recent. There still lacks conclusive evident signs of pathologie processes, evidence that men and the mammoth that it is more than daring to assume were contemporaneous in the area of it as the typical cranium of any race. the United States.-Dr. D. G. BrinThese and many allied facts in the ton, in Science, No. 528, p. 79, Februsame direction were admirably brought ary 10, 1833. out in a discussion last August at the meeting of the German Anthropological Assocaltion by such speakers as Von Holder. Virchow, Kolliman, and Fraas. Their arguments leave no room to doubt the unimportance of exceeding 35 words, will be inserted free

these remains.

*

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*

EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.

Exchange notices pertaining to archæology, for all regular subscribers

Wart and for sale notices from collectors, of 35 words or less, will be inserted in this department for 15 cents per month. Dealers are reAd

The Co-Existence of the Mam- ferred to our regular advertising rates.

moth and Man

Not long since, the distinguished and venerable archæologist. J. Steenstrup, of Copenhagen, published a paper examining the discoveries in Europe which are supposed to prove the contemporaneity of man with the mammoth: and reached the conclusion that not only is the evidence inadequate, but for climatic and geologic reasons no such co-existence was possible.

dress all communications for this department to A. C.Gruhike, Waterloo, Ind.

WILL exchange Columbian stamps for nice small flint arrow-points. J. À. Meteif. Oxford. O.

A. M. WILLIAMS Sturgis, Mich, has a large assortment of arrow-heads to exchange for prehistoric relics.

ONE copy of Mac Lean's "Mound Builders", new, in cloth binding, for fine Indian relies or standard historical or scientific works. L. V. McWhorter. Berlin, W. Va.

WANTED:--Indian relies or State geological reports, in exchange for a Send full description of what you have and receive description, etc.. of microscope. S. W. Collett, Alexandria. Ind.

At the last meeting of the German Anthropological Association Professor Virchow quoted Steenstrup's conclusion and endorsed it, as did also others present. The "reindeer period" was The remotest to which they were wil- good microscope. ling to assign the appearance of man in Europe on existing evidence. The artefacts of mammoth teeth and bones found in the caves were asserted to be from fossil remains picked up by the cave men. Where such artefacts are found in gravels along with mammoth bones, they would say that these gravels are themselves posterior to the reindeer period, and hence contain objects of various precesting periods.

There remains for consideration the

I WILL exchange fractional U. S. currency in good to uncirculated condition for fine Indian relics, large spear heads 7 to 10 inches, or a flintlock pocket pistol in good condition. All answered. C. E. Tribbett, Thorntown. Ind.

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