prehistoric people and that they have southern Indians. The result was a assistants throughout the whole United States like Levering. who dispose of them. valuable and learned work covering 548 pages, entitled "Antiquities of the southern Indians, particularly of the Georgia Tribes." This title was not meant to embrace alone the Indians once living in the present limits of Georgia, but those of the territory granted by the British crown to the Trustees of the Colony of Georgia. This grant embraced parts of many of the Southern States. He was a voluminous writer and besides the valuable production just mentioned wrote: "History of Georgia;" Hernando de Soto and his March Through Georgia;" "Siege of Savannah in 1779;" "Monumental Remains of ed Grave of Richard Henry Wilde;" and many shorter papers on historical and scientific subjects. Those of our readers who will buy relics should hesitate to add to their cabinets any purporting to come from Virginia or Jonca, Missouri. Nor should they invest money in a relic coming from other states or countries unless certain they are true objects of prehistoric art. Only a few days ago was made this statement by an eminent archæologist living at Washington, D. C: "In the investigation of aboriginal antiquities in this country, science has had to contend against all sorts of cheats." Frauds in Indian relics are without number. Most com- Georgia;" "Life, Labors, and Neglectmon are the stone arrowheads, spear points, axes, etc., which people in the Ohio valley make a regular business of manufacturing and selling to private collectors and colleges all over the country. Such objects are made by hand. The white man is more industrious than the savage, and using the same methods as were employed by the latter, can turn them out ever so much faster. There is but one way to stop this nefarious business. Do not buy relics unless from dealers having a reputation for square and honorable dealing. Insist that a true history of each object accompany it, and before buying allow an archæological expert to examine it. Then will the collector be certain that he is not being imposed upon and his cabinet will be devoid of spurious objects. A. F. B. Col. C. C. Jones. It pains us to record the death of Col. C. C. Jones, Jr., a noted and lettered archæologist, which occurred at his home in Augusta, Georgia, on the morning of July 19, of Bright's disease. Col. Jones devoted much of his time to research into the antiquities of the Col. Jones was born at Savannah, Georgia, October 28, 1831, graduated at Princeton in 1852, and from the law school at Harvard University three years later. He joined the Confederate army and served during the war as colonel of artillery. He lived in New York city from 1866 to 1876, where he practiced law and it was during this time that he wrote "Antiquities of the Southern Indians." CORRESPONDENCE. Ancient Indian Relics in West ED. ARCHEOLOGIST: These are principally found in the western part of the state. On historic Blennerhassett Island, has been found a great many good. specimens: such as pipes, pottery, grooved axes, large spear heads, copper implements, beads, etc. My collection contains a great many specimens that were found on the surface of this Island. There is an Indian burial ground two miles north of Parkersburg, on the Ohio NOTES. M. Berthollet recently read a paper before the French Academy of Sciences on the archæological question, whether there was an age of copper prior to the age of bronze. Pieces of copper have been unearthed by M. de Sarzec in Mesopotamia which are apparently older than any found in Babylon. Copper is easily reduced from its ores by carbon, but bronze requires the addition of tin, a comparatively rare-metal, as it is chiefly found in Malacca and Cornwall. in its struggles to escape had brought a heap of rocks and earth about it, he had seen the end of the chain and drawn out the cup. This story sounding improbable, the fellow was sentenced to prison, but Professor Leroy Duncan, an American archæologist making a prolonged stay in the country in the interests of science, begged to be allowed to see the cup. He gave it as his opinion that it was of ancient date, and using his influence with the authorities for the liberation of the prisoner, then prevailed on the latter to show him the spot where he found the relic. RICH ARCHÆOLOGICAL TREASURES. These ruins at Teotihuacan are known to have been erected by the great Toltec monarch, Nezahuacoyoti, who was so far in advance of his time as to declare his faith in one Supreme King, and here established a temple dedicated to "The Unknown God, the Cause of Causes." To this God were made no human sacrifices, the offerings being limited to flowers and sweet-scented gums. Under the law in this country all ruins are to be left unmolested, except at the pleasure of the government, so Professor Duncan was only permitted to excavate the hole still further into which the goat had fallen. He was rewarded by the discovery of a heap of human bones, the skulls of which he unhesitatingly prouounces Toltec in shape. The rest A few days ago a goat herder was of the chain was also found, with a silfound trying to sell a silver cup of ver mallet, which was undoubtedly singular but beautiful workmanship, employed to strike the gong of sonorto which was attached the remnants ous metal which called the worshipof a chain of the same metal. This pers to prayers at regular seasons, and cup having the appearance of a censer, which, we are told by the manuscript the man was at first supposed to have of Ixtilxochitl, was placed on the top stolen it from some church, but on be- of the temple tower. Professor Duning arrested and questioned at last can gives it as his opinion that if the confessed that one of of his goats fell government would consent to the exin a hole near the ruins of Teotihua- cavation of these ruins many treascan, a few miles from this city, and ures of archæology would be discoverwhile digging out the animal, which ed.-Philadelphia Times. Rich Archæological Treasures CITY OF MEXICO, July 8. Mrs. H. M. Kunzie, of Seattle, of them to the simplest one-that the Wash., has, during a long residence on articles were originally deposited the spot, collected at the mouth of the where found. Umatilla River, Oregon, the very Meanwhile, in South America, some stone gods, Tohil, Avilix, and Haca- interesting facts are communicated by vitz, of the Quiches, or at least exact Mr. Roth, of Buenos Ayres, to Profesimages of those found in the Quiche sor Kollman, and published by him in region of Gautemala. She has also the Mittheilungen aus dem Anatomigathered at the same spot a magnifi- schen Institut, at Basel. Mr. Roth cent collection of Mexican stone relics, was the discoverer of the skull of including obsidian knives, mortars, "Pontimelo," which, by the way, he calendar-stone, bronze sword, metals, informs us is a typographical error for etc., in short, a thoroughly character- "Fontizuelos." This skull, together istic collection of Mexican antiquities with some other human bones, was -rare, complete, and priceless.-Judge found under the carapace of a glyptoWickersham in "Proceedings of Ta- don of extinct species, and Mr. Roth coma, Wash., Academy of Science. argues that the man and the animal were contemporaries. He does not * Mr. H. C. Mercer writes to the edit- seem to have contemplated the possior under date of June 27: "I have just found-June 23-another small argillite quarry on left bank of Neshaminy creek, three quarters of a mile above the mouth of Mill or Lahaska creek, under the cliffs of metamorphosed slate overhanging the stream there. Masses of argillite lying in place have been picked as at Point Pleasant to split with the grain, and chipped into the now familiar leaf-shaped pattern. A layer of refuse and turtle backs' about three hundred yards long, has been exposed by the wearing away of the banks. At Point Pleasant we bility that men of later times may have found the carapace, and with it piously covered the remains of one of their dead. He asserts, however, that Doring, Burmeister, Ameghino, Moreno, and other leading geologists of the Argentine Republic, have acknowledged the contemporanity of man and the glyptodon. Roth cites a number of instances where human remains have been found in the upper Pampas formation. In 1887 he unearthed for the first time some in the middle Pampas strata: and in the same, both he and others have found numerous pieces of pottery, an artificial shell heap, and occasional Silex points of human workmanship. He insists that there is no room for doubt that whenever the so-called "Pampeano Intermediar" was deposFossilized Human Remains in ited, man was then living there. This time, if Ibering is right (see my note in Science, April 14), was in Pliocene (tertiary) days. were twenty-five miles from Trenton: here we are but fifteen. * * * South America. The critical scrutiny of the evidence of paleolithic man in North America, which has lately occupied considerable attention, has perhaps been pushed too far. When, as in the Ohio field, discoveries have been made which can not be gainsaid, it is scarcely fair to prefer every conceivable explanation Professor Kollman brings this into connection with other early finds in South America, and reaches the conclusion: "That the discoveries of ancient human remains in America prove that the various American races inhabited their continent quite as grooves around the ends show the oldremote in time as did those of Europe est and deepest weather-pits, Then and Asia, their respective localities;" the glaciated, flat sides show the next which expression leads to the infer- oldest weathering. Next, the newlyence that he is a polygenist, or, else, deepened groove on the flat side, and, seeks the cradle of the species outside also, a little deepening of the groove. these three continents.- Dr. D. G. on the convex side, where the grindBrinton, in Science. ing had made the groove somewhat shallow, show the next oldest weathering: and, at last. the smooth, whetted edge shows very little weather wear. * * Is it a Paleolith? A stone axe has just been found in a field about eight miles northeast of this place, which very nearly proves, if not quite so, that man existed during, or prior to, the glacial period in North America. It was found by A. A. Newlin, on the summit-level in this (Parke) county, Indiana. on the south side of Sugar Creek. It is six and seven-tenths inches long, two and three-fourths inches wide on the blade, four and three-tenths inches wide at the groove (or eye of our steel axes), three and one-half inches wide at the "back." or "poll," and is one and sixtenths inches thick, and, I am confident, was, when first made, nearly two inches thick. One side is ground flat, and by glacial action, without any doubt. By that grind the groove was planed almost out on that side, and has been re-cut or filed out by some Indian long ages after the Indian who first fashioned the axe. The striations run from edge to poll, and the axe was moving edge forward, as the striations indicate, for they are deeper cut toward the edge, and weaker, become shallower and less distinct, toward the poll. The opposite or convex, side of the axe has been striated just enough to produce a distinct plane, which inclines to (or from) the flat side about eleven degrees. The poll, the ends (as timber men call that part of toe axe nearest to and farthest from the hand when using), the present convex side, and the This axe was found about one hundred miles north of the southern boundary of the glacial drift on the Wabash River. I have found eleven places in the county where the rock, in place, is strongly and clearly glaciated, and three places have been found by other parties. The erratic bowlders which are striated on one to five sides are countless (to say nothing of those not marked), and I have examined them and studied them a great deal, and think I am not a bad judge of their comparative exposures and decompositions. As a result of my experience and judgement, I am strongly inclined to believe that this axe was made before, or during the glacier. That it was lost, or in some way fell into the sweep of the glacier and was ground flat on one side and striated a little on the other. That, after the glacier had receded, it was found, repaired, sharpened, and used till the steel tomahawk took its place, when it was cast aside. I feel confident that experienced archæologists will so decide. JNO. T. CAMPBELL. ROCKVILLE, Ind. [Science, Vol xxi, p. 346, June 23, 1893.] * * Man-Eating Indians. Dr. Walter J. Hoffman, of the Bureau of Ethnology, writes: Since the subject of the "Origin of American Races" has been studied by various antiquarians, some curious facts have come to light, which are not to the credit of the aborigines. The noble Red Man, as he exists today, is not the type of humanity he is generally rep resented to be by those who are appointed to investigate the wrongs and irregularities so frequently reported. Their natural instincts are unrefined in the majority of cases, and cruelty is. and ever has been, one of their most prominent characteristics. We have but to go back a short historical period when the tribe, composing the Six Nations, were cannibals. Nevertheless. such is the case. Of all the American tribes, those inhabitating the Carribean Islands were the most cruel and ferocious. Their captives were nearly all tortured to death before being prepared for the "royal" repast. The early Spanish explorers have handed down facts ad infinitum, treating upon these customs, and no doubt many a missionary, Jesuit, or Franciscan monk was broiled and tickled the palates of the cruel wretches. The pre-historic races of Florida the builders of the numerous shellheaps are shown to have been cannibals; and later, I believe the last instance of man-eating occurred among the Six Nations, of which our Delawares (Lenni Lenape) were sub-tribe. The Rev. John Heckewelder, who penetrated the interior of Ohio in 1743 (?) and whose residence among them was of forty years duration, has given us many facts regarding the early history of these tribes. In a communication to the Historical and Literary Committee of the American Philosophical society (bound MSS. 1821) he quotes from the Rev. C. Pyrlæus's MS. p. 235, as follows: "The Five Nations formerly did eat human flesh they at one time did eat up a whole body of the French King's subjects. (Troops) they say 'Eto niocht ochguari,' which is: Human flesh tastes like bear's meat.-They say the hands are not good eating, they are jozgards; (bitter" The Five Nations afterwards received the Tuscaroras, which made the sixth tribe. after which they were called the Six Na tions. EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT. Exchange notices pertaining to archæology, not exceeding 35 words, will be inserted free for all regular subscribers. Want and for sale notices from collectors, of 35 words or less, will be inserted in this department for 15 cents per month. Dealers are re ferred to our regular advertising rates. INDIAN Relics for a good guitar or mandolin. Wifford Brown, Parkersburg, W. Va. I WILL exchange 12 philatelic papers condition, for any kind of good Indian and journals (all different), in good relics, ancient or modern. C. E. Tribbett, Thorntown, Ind. To exchange:-Vols. I, II, III, IV, and V. of the Microcosm, cloth bound, letters answered. Write first. W. F. for Indian stone or copper relics. Ali Donma, Holland, Mich. WAR relics from Gettysburg and Antietam, and Indian relics, for Indian relics and books on archæology. Want arrowheads from Louisiana and Colorado. T. B. Stewart, Lock Haven, Pa. plete set of drift and neolithic imple- 11 FOR each arrow point or drill over 3 inches sent me I will send in exchange a piece of aligator iron ore, a rare beautiful cabinet specimen, valued at from 25 to 50 cents each. Have only 20 pieces. Chas. Clickener, Tangier, Ind. FOR EXCHANGE.--Documents on tf and historical books, 600 arrow and SMITHSONIAN Reports, parts 1 and 2 1 |