Handbook of Applied Hydraulics

abutment arch dams Bars basin bottom buttress buttress dam canal cantilever capacity cavitation cent coefficient computed concrete conduit construction crest curve dashpot depth diameter discharge draft tube drainage effect efficiency elevation embankment equation factor factor of safety fill filter flocculation flood flow flume formula foundation Francis turbines friction gate gravel gravity gravity dam grout head loss hoist Hoover Dam horizontal hydraulic impervious inlet installed intake irrigation joints Leaburg material maximum method needle valves normal operation outlet penstock piers pipe plant pressure pumps radial ratio reinforced reservoir riprap riser River rock runner sand seal seepage shear shearing stresses shown in Fig slab slope soil specific speed spillway steel storage structure Tainter gate tank tests thickness tion tunnel turbine unit upstream face usually velocity head vertical wall water hammer water surface weight wheel