must, of course, obey her counsel, else were | Catholic, not being pregnant, it was a land the things of this life elevated above those of pleasant probation, a path from which of the next; Bishops must control education every stumbling-block had been removed, or souls may be tempted to perdition; in which every one, however humble, travpriests must revise literature, or immortal elled under escort. For eleven years the beings may suffer for their immortality; priests perfected their work, murmuring nuns must control hospitals, or the sick may now and then at human perversity, but aldie unshriven, and souls be tortured with ways advancing, until at last the Papacy the infamous belief that charity can exist could boast of one land in Europe where without true rectitude of faith. Legislation her dreams had become realities, one empire must be limited by the Canon, for how can in which she reigned without the necessity the mundane regulate the divine? Church of violence. Eleven years of peaceful rule, property must not be taxed, lest ye should eleven years of Catholic education, eleven steal from the Lord the means of evil; years during which a priest in every housepriests must be exempt from the law, lest hold possessed the authority of a father, and earthly hands should, without the special then came Sadowa, and then a free Parliawarranty of the Church, desecrate the ment, and then the entire fabric melted Lord's anointed. But these propositions gently. The whole authority of the Church granted, heartily granted, granted as they exercised unchecked for eleven years, had are in the Tyrol, where the population rose failed to convince a population originally a few months since in holy insurrection, Catholic that the Catholic ideal was endurashocked at the idea of tolerating Protestant ble. In vain did the Government plead worship, Rome is not a persecuting or even that the Concordat was a treaty, and bea tyrannical power. She does not object yond the range of parliamentary discussion. to nobles being luxurious or peasants happy, In vain did the Minister of Justice beg humdetests slavery, condemns cruelty, utterly bly for time to conciliate the Vatican. In refuses to recognize any inequality of any vain did the Tyrolese and Slovacks, faithful kind among those for whom she holds the servants of the Church, ignorant and innokeys of Heaven. She simply presses on to cent as cows, threaten secession and deher ideal, and if vain men interpose human nounce infidels in Parliament; a perverse obstacles, if she has to clear her road by generation had made up its mind to prefer slaughter, or abolish evil by making a soli- darkness to this intolerable glare of heavtude, theirs, not hers, is the sin and the re-enly light, and by a majority of more than sponsibility. She had nearly reached, as it four-fifths, the representatives of the Ausseemed, her goal in Austria. After three trian people, the most docile and Catholic centuries of contest, after seeing one-third race remaining in the world, a race two of Germany depopulated in vain, after centuries behind Parisians, decreed that tragedies innumerable and unavailing, she the Concordat should end. One at length found an Emperor willing, it might German only voted for the Pope, and he be through grace, it might be through policy, voted only out of spite, because the resoluto recognize her claims to the full. The Aus- tions took the gloss off a still stronger meastrian Concordat, which became law on the ure of his own. Education should be secu5th November, 1855, established throughout lar, come of souls what might; marriage the Empire her ideal society. From the Em- should be a civil contract, sacrament or peror downwards, every person, institution, none; every confession should be free, and thing in Austria was submitted to the whether to pray or proselytize, even if the Church, education was confided to her, Devil were the earliest schismatic. That a worship was confined to her, every grand government should go wrong is what Rome transaction of life-birth, marriage, burial expects, for at heart her confidence in earth-could be legalized only by her assent. ly princes is but small, had not FerdiThe Bishop was the Providence of his dio- nand of Naples been heard on one occasion cese, the priest the Lar of his commune, to declare that the Holy Father was an imevery hospital was surrendered to nuns, pertinent nuisance?-but that a whole every school to the fathers, every charity to people uninfected by heresy, drilled for an affiliated order. So perfect was the or- eleven years in implicit obedience, should ganization, that women died in the Lying- declare canons unendurable, should abolish in Hospital of Vienna because none but a treaty with the Pope, should recognize nuns could attend them, and nuns held heretics as human beings! — Rome has their pruderies more important than human rarely been so melancholy. And truly it is life. Except to an obedient Catholic, civil a great blow. If there was a place where life was a gloomy prison, but to an obedient | Rome might hope for genuinely popular

which secular politicians have long since abandoned as unwise, the policy of laissezfaire, and sits quietly, unaware that a yet heavier bolt is soon about to descend. The Kaiser was Hapsburg before he was Catholie, and within three years the vast possessions of the Church in Austria will have been seized to pay the interest due on debts owned mainly by heretics and Jews. With the Lutherans rising daily higher, Spanish America fallen or falling away, whole Catholic races asserting the right of private judgment upon Sacraments, a Mussulman Sov

support it was Austria, where heresy had been so sedulously extirpated, and where the population, unlike that of Prussia or England, has a natural proclivity towards Catholicism, is not stiff-necked, is not specially desirous of any right of private judgment, prefers, on the whole, to have its thinking done for it. Yet even Austria has found Ultramontanism too heavy a burden, and after trying it on conditions fixed by Rome itself for eleven years has shaken it from her neck. If Austrians could not bear it, who will? and if it is not borne by any one, if the Church is never to act ex-ereign received by all Europe, an indiffercept through spiritual weapons, never to protect its flock, or punish wolves, or pet its sheep-dogs, how is the ideal heaven on earth ever to be realized? Is the Kingdom of Heaven to be confined to the Tyrol and to Spain ?

The vote, though not yet accepted by the Government, is, we imagine, irreversible. The Emperor, however carefully trained,, has learned wisdom in a rough school, and' though Royal, cannot now be much less enlightened than an average Viennese burgher. His Premier or Chancellor of the Empire is a Protestant, with no other idea of priests than that they are cheap policemen; his nobles, though Catholic, have the strong dislike of foreign and sacerdotal aggression aristocracies always display. The Council of Ten, before Protestantism was heard of, never could stand the Pope; and the English nobles before Luther, Catholic to the toes, urged Henry VII. to secularize the Church. The one hope of the Hapsburgs is to conciliate the people, and the people will not live the Roman ideal life. If it is forced on them and Rome would not falter in the forcing they will take the final step, and place themselves, at anv risk to their souls, under the House of Hohenzollern, so heretical but so patriotic, so deeply excommunicated but so just, so certain to be damned in the next world, but so certain also to succeed in this. The dread of such a calamity awes the Kaiser, and may even awe the Pope, but we do not think it will. It is believed both at Vienna and Rome that the Society of Jesus is opposing to the demand for a withdrawal of the Concordat the ancient weapon of Rome, indefinite delay. What is a year, a generation, a century, to Rome? Napoleon may be stirred up to fight Prussia, Bismarck may die, the Kaiser may repent, anything may occur if only there is time, and meanwhile the Colleges will consider affectionately the Emperor's demand. The Vatican, once wisest of Courts, smiles calmly over the wisdom

LIVING AGE. VOL. VI. 196.

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entist Republic growing steadily into a terror to the world, Italian troops steadily drawing in towards St. Peter's itself, where half the Bishops of Christendom in conclave are declaring the Papacy divine, the Vatican must perceive that it is gazing into a somewhat hopeless world.

In the ordinary habit of our thought, we do not associate maternity with youth. A mother's welcome, while it breathes the cherishing tenderness which never grows old, has in it also, as we usually conceive it, something of the venerableness of age. All the more is this true, if we speak the word not in reference to the household tie, but as expressing the gentle providence of institutions which have molded and nurtured our intellectual life. But as we turn back this day from the manifold dusty paths our feet have been treading, to keep the annual tryst of our literary memories and fellowship, the genius of this scene, greeting us at her gateway, is so young and fair that it seems a liberty for bearded lips to offer filial salutations. Youthful vows were a more appropriate tribute to this girlish matron than the sentiment of veneration. Here are no ancient academic shades, keeping in their whispering leaves, and telling to-day on the summer air, the memorial of classic generations. Our grove wears, indeed, the honors of many years, but the antiquity is of nature, not of humanity, much less of the lineage of student life.

We have a new college and a new State,

caparisoned in our farthest East, will thunder down these western slopes; the confluent streams of a world-wide immigration will pour in their floods of vigorous life; the peaceful ocean will empty through the ever-open Golden Gate the spoils of fleets freighted in China and the Indies; and the ceaseless enginery of our mints will coin from out our hills the shining currency of a wealth to whose copiousness God and nature alone can set bounds.

adventuring the future together. If here are no smooth-worn thresholds of halls of learning, here also around us are no mossgrown walls of empire. The youngest of these "magistri artium" is older than California as an American State, and thrice as old as the young mother dismissing him today with the laurels of her favor, to work out practically the horoscope of his destiny. Let me keep hold of this association of civic and literary life, and detain you, for a while, upon this theme -The relation of I know the American dialect is thought the College to the State. While I use the to have a large capacity for boastful periterm "State" in its fuller and more com- ods, and this picture which I have sketched prehensive meaning, the discussion will may seem to some colored with hues of have its chief bearing upon the growth and dreamland. But only recite the sober recfortunes of our own Pacific commonwealth. ord of facts which half the lifetime of a Certainly, unless all our hopes deceive us, generation has chronicled amid these homes, unless the bright prophecies of our brief and we have a more wondrous poem than but rapid and almost miraculous progress I have sung for twice that range of future speak with lying lips, unless the indomitable years. To this large coming development, energy and enterprise of our American we of the present stand in the relation of character fail this once, and on a theater foster parents. We are architects and so inspiring, there is before us, on these builders of this rising greatness. Not that shores, a splendid and marvellous future. If in our indolence or neglect the august fabwe measure our coming advance only by ric will not go up, but that the strength of the past, what a prodigious growth in all that fabric and the moral aspect of that the fruits of a prospering and victorious greatness will depend upon the foundations civilization will not the next score of years thus early laid, and the aims and uses which display. Before we shall have exhausted the builders propose. The determinate inthe last third of this declining century, the fluence of Educational Institutions upon waters of this Bay will be girded with one the whole problem, we cannot, without almost unbroken zone of population and underlying the just imputation of folly and wealth; around this serrated margin of crime, refuse to weigh. Our citizenship in twice a hundred miles, parted only by the the State, as well as our allegiance to letseaward gate and the northern strait, vil- ters, or in fewer words, our duty as patriot lage will stretch its hand to village, and scholars, constrains the discussion to which town to town; the gardens of fair country we now advance. seats will touch one another; yonder me- 1. We want the College in the new tropolis, crowned Queen of the Pacific, young life of the State, as a bond with the will be peer in her jewelled magnificence to past. There is no such thing as a full and any throned rival on this Western Conti- complete life for the individual or for the nent; a hundred convoys of trade, travel State, if that life does not join itself to the and treasure will tread, with flashing feet, whole life of humanity. Much of the past the length and breadth of this sunny har-will, indeed, empty itself in upon us withbor; from these mountain sides, tolerant of out our consciousness. The rudest will inculture to the very summit, and on the herit more generously than he knows of the twin rivers that drain our broad interior treasures accumulated in by gone ages. valley, will pour down agricultural supplies enough to fill the granaries of a nation; the marshy wastes of tule lands, redeemed from winter overflow and cleared of their reedy forests, will show the bloom of boundless garden-prairies; the torn ravines of mining regions will be built into picturesque and populous towns; iron tracks will stretch away through the interminable northern forests, making Oregon and Sitka our neighbors; between the snowy peaks of the Sierra Nevadas, shaking the dust of the desert from his mane, the iron horse,

He is the child of a long line of progeni tors, though he cannot name his ancestry. But in proportion as his ignorance isolates him from the results of the sum total of human progress, must his life be fragmentary and unendowed. He is a foundling, for whom there is waiting an heirship of riches and honors unrevealed to him, and by which, therefore, his poverty and obscurity will never be relieved.

By our circumstances and history, this same isolation characterized our early beginnings as a commonwealth. Our infancy

What is our sacred trust for the future? What have we to transmit to those who come after us? A name only, and a clear field for adventure; or the entire riches which the ages have accumulated, and for which the generations which have gone down to the dust have wrought through the heat of great harvest days?

was that of a foundling. We were discon- But the guardianship and transmission of nected with the old. Laws, religions, home- this dowry of the past are in the hands of ties, and all the sweet and solemn voices of the world's teachers as trustees for manphilosophy, faith and letters; were left be- kind. These treasures are locked up in the hind when we were flung upon these west- languages of dead empires, the systems of ern shores to struggle as we could out of buried sages, the alcoves of old libraries, anarchy and barbarism. Our social being the laboratories of science. The halls of libwas not the onflow of a stream holding in eral culture open backward into these galits deep and broad channel the tributaries leries of antiquity, and onward into the life of all past times and growths, but a solitary of the present, giving to the exploring eye, fountain, gushing single, fitful and turbid in beneath their arches, the long vista of the the wilderness. We have to connect the progress of the race. issue of this fountain with that grand current bearing on its bosom and mingling in its waters the world's full life and thought. Deny to us, deny to any people, no matter what their origin and story, the record and knowledge of the past, the testimony of humanity's long empíric travail, and such connection remains impossible. How great the forfeiture! "When ancient opinions and rules of life are taken away," says Burke, "the loss cannot possibly be estimated. From that moment, we have no compass to govern us; nor can we know distinctly to what port to steer." Lost are the influence and example of the illustrious dead, the heroic deeds that kindle and feed the flame of valor and self-devotion, the quickening and instructive annals of history, the songs of the bards stairways to the heaven of imagination the warning voiced forth in the reiterated lessons of man's errors, frailties and passions; the teachings of philoso-"Study is like the heaven's glorious sun, phy wrestling with the great questions of That will not be deep-search'd with saucy truth and the soul, the painful but resolute looks." steps of explorers and discoverers leading on the ages after them up the heights of science, the full intelligence of causes, natural and philosophic, seen at work in the present, but whose origin, nature, and alliances lie remote up the centuries; the slow but grand drama of the mute earth, proceeding under the twin ministry of two great magicians - fire and water from her primal chaos to the fair completeness of her verduorus hills, her islanded deep, and her steadfast mountains, and the lengthening golden chain that makes us one in blood and sympathy, history and heritage, with the whole human family.

Would it be but a trifling bereavement of our modern civilization thus to orphan it from the maternity and nurture of the past? As well girdle an oak, and expect its branches to bear up the same wealth of frondent and lusty life; as well cut off in mid-length that northern river that empties the great lakes, and expect its channel to bear on the same majestic stream to the

sea.

We ask no unreasoning homage for the wisdom of the elders; but a little more reverence for antiquity will not hurt us in our personal and national development. It is needed as a corrective of that flippant self-sufficiency that dashes with arrogance our confident American energy, and of that smattering of universal knowledge that conceives it has nothing to learn. The spirit of the true scholar is the spirit of humility, and the reverent inquirer after truth finds that

2. We want the College, again, in alliance with the life of the State, for the security and honour of republican principles. We believe in a Government not of despotic force, nor of kings enthroned "jure divino," nor of a privileged class, of better blood and clay and larger political rights than the mass of the governed; but of equal laws, framed by the popular will, expressing and guarding popular rights, and administered by representatives elected by popular suffrage. It is one of the commonplaces of political truths, that despotism can maintain itself only in the unreasoning debasement of its subjects. Ignorance and superstition are the twin pillars of all unequal and oppressive political systems.

These sayings are as familiar with us as household words; but they need continual and emphatic re-utterance. Against every form of unjust privilege and political absolutism, the one conquering and invincible champion is popular education. Light antagonizes force with a soft and silent but