induction, mathematics, and deduction in the sciences of nature. The main body of the book is an exposition of the system of sciences which falls into the following order: Arithmetic, algebra, geometry, mechanics, including cinematics and dynamics, cosmology, biology, psychology and sociology, including aesthetics and morals. Other sciences are sub-sections of these.

L'Illusion de Fausse Reconnaissance, by E. BERNARD-LEROY. Paris, 1898. pp. 249.

The author sent out a long questionnaire to educated people requesting accounts of striking experience of having been in a new place. Of his returns he selects and prints in full 86, which make the last 150 pages of his book, the first being devoted to discussions. Rejecting Ribot's theory that there are two successive and perfectly conscious impressions, the first real and the second hallucinatory, he holds recognition to be a unique kind of "intellectual sentiment" associated with re-known phenomena. The manifestations of this sentiment may become almost chronic. It is not necessary to assume a difference between sensation and perception, or between impersonal impressions and those where the subject is conscious.

Classified Reading, by ISABEL LAWRENCE. Published by the author, St. Cloud, Minn., 1898. pp. 423.

This is a descriptive list of books for school, library and home. Pedagogy, child study, geography, history, English, and miscellaneous, the latter including manual training, drawing, physical culture and music, are the chief topics. There are wide margins for additional literature. It is easy to find fault with every such book both for what it includes and excludes, but on the whole this can be most heartily commended to every teacher or student of geography, history or English, as a very valuable companion and helper in their work. Ignorance, by M. R. P. DORMAN. London, 1898. pp. 328.

The author undertakes to study the causes and effects of ignorance in popular thought and to make educational suggestions. No one before has attempted to reduce ignorance to a science. Its effect is traced on art, letters, capital, economy, state, woman, and collective and individual ignorance are distinguished. The author emphasizes unconscious causes and cures. Large ideas in small minds, the retirement of the fittest, new superstitions of ultra idealism, ultra spiritualism, uncritical orthodoxy, the substitution of feeling for the ease with which women conceal ignorance by following custom, the degradation of the pulpit, press, stage, methods of advertisement, etc., are among the causes of ignorance to be contended against.

The Elements of Physical Education, by D. LEMOX, M. D., and A. STURROCK. Blackwood, London, 1898. pp. 241.

This is a teacher's manual copiously illustrated with 147 cuts of children practicing free gymnastics and using ball, wand, dumb-bells; and some 40 pages of new gymnastic music, by H. E. Loseby. The first 67 pages are taken up with very elementary anatomy and physiology. It is a practical and interesting book.

A Course of Practical Lessons in Hand and Eye Training for Students, 1-4, by A. W. BEVIS. London, 1898.

These are four handbooks of some 150 pages each, illustrating a new course of work adopted by the Birmingham English School Board, and are full of new and suggestive work.

JOURNAL-II

du

The Play of Animals, by KARL GROOS. Tr. by Elizabeth L. Baldwin. Appleton & Co., New York, 1898. pp. 341.

It was a happy idea to translate this valuable book from the German, and Miss. Baldwin has done her task very acceptably. Professor Baldwin writes a characteristic preface of eleven pages, and a reprinted appendix of four pages quoting from himself, or referring to his work some fourteen times, claiming four out of nine factors of organic evolution, and offering a series of criticism, even though to a thinker like Professor Groos they may be trivial and easily answered." On the whole the work of Groos is commended, but were not most of its best ideas either hinted at or better expressed, or were not most of the facts more truly stated by Professor Baldwin at some distinctly previous date?

CORRESPONDENCE.

Dr. Herman T. Lukens has written the following personal letter to the editor. It was with no thought of publication, but Dr. Lukens has kindly consented to let it appear in the Journal, without change: My Dear Sir:

I have just been out to Chevy Chase to see Dr. Elmer Gates and his laboratory. The work on enlargement of the laboratory is still under way, so that I did not see things and apparatus in working order, but in heaps. He has raised the old building one story, and built a new first story. It is a fine situation on the same lot with his residence, with ground enough around for two or three new buildings besides a fine lawn. The property is his own, laboratory and all, but he has received donations of various amounts (I think he said $320,000) from Mrs. Phebe Hurst and others to aid in special investigations. His work covers the whole range of the sciences. He has just invented a way of getting an electric current from the action of sunlight without the intervention of dynamo or engine. He started in on the study of looms some time ago, and in nine months had sixty-eight new inventions of improvements in the loom; one of these inventions he disposed of for ten per cent. royalty, receiving $62,000, with which he is building his new laboratory now. He employs a force of trained assistants, machinists, etc. His metallurgical room is for investigations in alloys. He proposes to make a complete series of 10,000 (or so) varying percentages of alloys of certain two metals, and test the properties of the alloys. He is at present on optics and acoustics. He proposes to put up a building in which will be museum, laboratory and all apparatus needed to demonstrate every known fact about sight or sound. Then he will take a class through by his method of work, which goes by regular stages: (1) Sensations, (2) Images, (3) Concepts, (4) Ideas, (5) Thoughts, Ist order, (6) Thoughts, 2nd order, (7) Thoughts, 3rd order. He aims to get as many different sensations as possible. Out of these come images of objects. These are grouped by likeness into concepts. Then the concepts are each to be related to every other one. He keeps going over and over the material trying to find relation of concepts systematically, i. e., of every possible pair. He lays much stress upon this mechanical completeness of the system. He goes to bed at 8.30 and gets up at 5.30, works till 1 or 2, and gives afternoon to social life and relaxation.

He and his wife began to prepare themselves for parenthood a year or two before they created their last child. They avoided all onesided specialism and aimed to develop all the good emotions and exercise their minds on the whole round of human kuowledge. During pregnancy his wife avoided all evil passions, anger, envy, etc., and cultivated good emotions, social and altruistic instincts, art, literature, dramas, the sublime in nature, heavens, the spirit of the cosmos, etc. The child was born at full time, without any pain, and the whole process of birth took only two and one-half hours. He has two bright children, on whom he has been trying various new ideas. The oldest at 21 months, he says, knew 11,000 words.

He is at work on sexual perversion, invisible rays of the spectrum,

conditions of work, etc. He has records for twenty years of his own activity and environment, atmospheric potential, electrical potential, barometer, wind, etc. He has an army of readers working for him in the gigantic task of sifting facts out of scientific books. He is trying to get all the alleged facts collected, and then test these and weed out the theories and mere "accepts," thus reducing the great mass of rubbish to a small compass of accessible facts,-a scientific Bible, as he says; for what is more sacred than truth, and what more satanic than falsehood? He showed me a great mass of manuscript material,— an attempt to work over the Standard Dictionary and extract the words that stand for new ideas in sound and light. These are on catalogue cards for purposes of classification, and filled several large drawers.

He has a great mass of notes that have been collecting for 20 years, and which he proposes to begin to edit in a series of books which will bring out his ideas better than anything else he has thus far done. These will include best regimen for work, scientific rearing of children, method of invention, encyclopædic Bible of science, etc.

Dr. Gates has a lovely home, into which he has put a large part of himself. It shows the man of ideas and of resources. He is affable and cordial, gave me unstintingly of his time and attention, and spoke freely of everything. He seems to me to have made a great mistake in not publishing, so as to get the criticism of fellow workers and the steadying influence of co-operation in investigations. But he is sincere, has the scientific spirit, and is a man of original ideas who will be more and more known as the years go by.

NOTES AND NEWS.

DR. WRESCHNER'S WEIGht Experiments.

In my review of Dr. Wreschner's Beiträge zu psychophysichen Messungen (this Journal, IX, 591 ff.), I noted the fact that the author nowhere states whether his subjects were informed of the time-order of the experimental series. "Were the subjects told the time-order of the first double series or not? Presumably not, since the procedure at large was procedure without knowledge. The knot is cut if the subjects were acquainted with the time-order in every case; but this is nowhere stated." (P. 593.)

Dr. Wreschner has requested me to give publicity to the following statement: "The subjects were always told beforehand whether a P I or a P II series was coming. The method was only so far without knowledge that the magnitude of the weight of comparison was unknown to the subjects in each experiment. I regret that I did not expressly say this in the chapter Das Versuchsverfahren;' but a remark upon the matter occurs on p. 210 (2 lines from the top)."

I am very glad to call attention to this correction, which is of great importance for any estimate of Dr. Wreschner's theory of the timeerror. I may add that the sentence on p. 210 was one of the two or three puzzling passages that led me to note the omission pointed out in my review. E. B. T.

EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY IN ENGLAND. During the absence of Dr. W. H. Rivers with the Borneo Expedition, the courses in Experimental Psychology at University College, London, are given by Mr. E. T. Dixon, known by his mathematical publications in the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, and by his work on visual space recently published in Mind.

THE WELBY PRIZE.

The Welby Prize of £50, offered for the best essay on the subject of "The Reasons for the Present Obscurity and Confusion in Psychological and Philosophical Terminology, and the Directions in which we may look for Efficient Practical Remedy," has been awarded to Dr. Ferdinand Tönnies, of Hamburg. A translation of the successful essay will shortly appear in Mind.

UNIVERSITY NEWS.

Mr. Henry Wilde, F. R. S., of Manchester, has endowed in the University of Oxford a Wilde Readership and a John Locke Scholarship in Mental Philosophy.

Dr. R. Macdougall has been appointed assistant director of the Psychological Laboratory in Harvard University; Dr. F. G. Lancaster, professor of Psychology and Pedagogy at Colorado College; Dr. C. H. Judd, professor of Experimental and Physiological Psychology in the School of Pedagogy, New York University; Dr. D. S. Miller, lecturer in Psychology at Columbia University; Dr. E. Thorndike, instructor in Psychology at the Western Reserve University; Mr. G. M. Whip