and

make life dear, to those qualities which render himself worthy to enjoy them! Here, where the royal crown is loved and worshipped as a glory around the sainted head of FREEDOM! Where the Rustic at his plough whistles with equal enthusiasm, "God save the King" "Britons never shall be Slaves;" or, perhaps, leaves one Thistle unweeded in his Garden, because it is the symbol of his dear native Land! * Here, from within this circle defined, as light by shade, or rather as light within light by its' intensity, only within these magic circles rise up the awful Spirits, whose words are Oracles for Mankind, whose love embraces all Countries, and whose voice sounds through all Ages! Here and here only may we confidently expect these mighty minds to be reared and ripened, whose names are naturalized in foreign lands, the sure Fellow-travellers of Civilization! and yet render their own Country dearer and more proudly dear to their own Countrymen. This is indeed This is indeed Cosmopolitism, at once the Nursling and the Nurse of patriotic affection! This, and this alone, is genuine Philanthropy, which like the Olive Tree, sacred to concord and to wisdom, fattens not exhausts the soil, from which it sprang, and in which it remains rooted. It is feebleness only, which cannot be generous without injustice, or just without ceasing to be generous. Is the morning Star less brilliant, or does a ray less fall on the golden fruitage of the earth, because the Moons of Saturn too feed their lamps from the same Sun? Even Germany, though curst with a base and hateful brood of Nobles and Princelings, cowardly and ravenous Jackals to the very Flocks entrusted to them as to Shepherds, who hunt for the Tyger and whine and wag their tails for his bloody offal-even Germany, whose everchanging boundaries superannuate the last year's Map, and are altered as easily as the hurdles of a temporary sheep-fold, is still remembered with filial love and a Patriot's pride, when the thoughtful German hears the names of Luther and Leibnitz, "Ah! why, he sighs,

I cannot here refuse myself the pleasure of recording a speech of the Poet Burns, related to me by the Lady to whom it was addressed. Having been asked by her, why in his more serious Poems he had not changed the two or three Scotch words which seemed only to disturb the purity of the style! the Poet with great sweetness, and his usual happiness in reply, answered why in truth it would have been better, but

The rough bur-thistle spreading wide

Amang the bearded bear,

1 turn'd the weeder-clips aside

An' spar'd the symbol dear.

An Author may be allowed to quote from his own Poems, when he does it with as much modesty and felicity, as Burns did in this instance.

why for herself in vain should my Country have produced such a host of immortal minds!" Yea, even the poor enslaved, degraded, and barbarized Greek, can still point to the Harbour of Tenedos, and say-" there lay our Fleet when we were besieging Troy." Reflect a moment on the past History of this wonderful People! what were they while they remained free and independent? when Greece resembled a collection of Mirrors set in a single frame, each having its' own focus of patriotism, yet all capable, as at Marathon and Platea, of converging to one point and of consuming a common Foe? What were they then? The Fountains of light and civilization, of truth and of beauty, to all Mankind! they were the thinking Head, the beating Heart, of the whole World! they lost their independence, and with their independence their patrio tism: and became the Cosmopolites of Antiquity. It has been truly observed (by the Author of the work for which PALM was murdered) that after the first acts of severity the Romans treated the Greeks not only more mildly than their other Slaves and Dependants, they behaved to them even affectionately and munificiently. The victor Nation felt reverentially the presence of the visible and invisible Deities that gave sanctity to every Grove, every Fountain, and every Forum. "Think (writes Pliny to one of his Friends) that you are sent into the Province of Achaia, that true and genuine Greece, where civilization, letters, even corn, are believed to have been discovered; that you are sent to administer the affairs of free States, that is, to men eminently free, who have retained their natural right by valour, by services, by friendship, lastly by treaty and by religion. Revere the Gods their founders, the sacred influences represented in those Gods, revere their ancient glory and this very old age which in Man is venerable, in Cities sacred. Cherish in thyself a reverence of Antiquity, a reverence for their great Exploits, a reverence even for their Fables. Detract nothing from the proud pretensions of any State; keep before thine eyes that this is the Land which sent us our institutions, which gave us our laws, not after it was subjugated, but in compliance with our petition.*" And what came out of these Men, who were eminently free without Patriotism, because without national Independence? (which eminent Freedom, however, Pliny himself, in the very next sentence, styles the shadow and residuum of Liberty.) While they were intense Patriots, they were the benefactors of all Mankind, iegsla

* Plin. Epist. Lib. VIII.

tors for the very Nation that afterwards subdued and enslaved them. When, therefore, they became pure Cosmopolites, and no partial affections interrupted their Philanthropy, and when yet they retained their Country, their Language, and their Arts, what noble Works, what mighty Discoveries, may we not expect from them? If the applause of a little City (a first rate Town of a country not much larger than Yorkshire) and the encouragement of a Pericles, produced a Phidias, a Sophocles, and a con stellation of other Stars scarcely inferior in glory, what will not the applause of the World effect, and the boundless munificence of the World's imperial Masters? Alas! no Sophocles appeared, no Phidias was born! individual genius fled with national Independence, and the best products were cold and laborious copies of what their Fathers had thought and invented in grandeur and majesty. At length nothing remained, but dastardly and cunning Slaves who avenged their own ruin and degradation by assisting to degrade and ruin their Conquerors; and the golden Harp of their divine Language remained only as the frame on which Priests and Monks spun their dirty cobwebs of Sophistry and Superstition!

If then in order to be Men we must be Patriots, and Patriotism cannot exist without national Independence, we need no new or particular Code of Morals to justify us in placing and preserving our Country in that relative situation, which is most favourable to its' independence. But the true Patriot is aware, that this Object is not to be accomplished by a system of general Conquest, such as was pursued by Philip of Macedon and his Son, nor yet by the political annihilation of the one State, which happens to be its' most formidable Rival: the unwise measure recommended by Cato, and carried into effect by the Romans, in the instance of Carthage. Not by the latter: for Rivalry between two Nations conduces to the Independence of both, calls forth or fosters all the virtues, by which national Security is maintained. Still less by the former for the victor Nation itself must at length, by the very extention of its' own Conquests, sink into a mere Province; nay, it will most probably become the most abject portion of the Empire, and the most cruelly oppressed, both because it will be more feared and suspected by the common Tyrant, and because it will be the sink and centre of his luxury and corruption. Even in cases of actual injury and just alarm, the Patriot sets bounds to the reprisal of national vengeance, and contents

himself with such securities as are compatible with the welfare, though not with the ambitious projects of the Nation, whose aggressions had given the provocation : for as Patriotism inspires no super-human faculties, neither. can it dictate any conduct which would require such. He is too conscious of his own ignorance of the future, to dare extend his calculations into remote periods; nor, because he is a Statesman, arrogates to himself the cares of Providence and the government of the World. How does he know, but that the very Independence and consequent Virtues of the Nation, which in the anger of cowardice he would fain reduce to absolute insignificance, and rob even of its' ancient Name, may in some future emergence be the destined Guardians of his own Country; and that the power, which now alarms, may hereafter protect and preserve it. The experience of History authorizes not only the possibility, but even the probability, of such an event. An American Commander, who has deserved and received. the highest honours which his grateful Country, through her assembled Representatives, could bestow upon him, once said to me with a sigh: In an evil hour for my Country did the French and Spaniards abandon Louisiana to the United States; we were not sufficiently a Country before; and should we ever be mad enough to drive the English from Canada and her other North American Provinces, we shall soon cease to be a Country at all. Without local attachment, without national honor, we shall resemble a swarm of Insects that settle on the fruits of the Earth to corrupt and consume them, rather than Men who love and cleave to the Land of their Forefathers. After a shapeless anarchy, and a series of civil wars, we shall at last be formed into many countries; unless the Vices engendered in the process should demand a further punishment, and we should previously fall beneath the despotism of some military Adventurer, like a Lion, consumed by an inward. disease, prostrate and helpless, beneath the beak and talons of a Vulture, or yet meaner bird of Prey.

The same sanity of mind will the true Patriot display, in all that regards the internal prosperity of his Country. He will reverence not only whatever tends to make the component Individuals more happy, and more worthy of happiness; but likewise whatever tends to bind them more closely together, as a People; that as a multitude of parts and functions make up one human body, so the whole multitude of his Countrymen may, by the isible and invisible influences of religion, language, laws, customs,

and the reciprocal dependence and re-action of trade and agriculture, be organized into one body politic, But much as he desires to see all become A WHOLE, he places limits even to this wish, and abhors that System of Policy, which would blend men into a State by the dissolution of all those virtues, which make them happy and estimable as Individuals. Sir James Stuart (Polit. Econ. Vol. 1. P. 88.) after stating the case of the, Vine-Dresser, who is Proprietor of a bit of Land, on which grain (enough, and no more) is raised for himself and family-and who provides for their other wants of cloathing, salt, &c. by his extra labour, as a Vine-dresser, observes" From this example we discover the difference between Agriculture exercised as a trade, and as a direct means of subsisting. We have the two species in the Vine-dresser: he labours the vineyard as a trade, and his spot of ground for subsistence. We may farther conclude, that as to the last part he is only useful to himself: but as to the first he is useful to the society and becomes a member of it: consequently were it not for his trade, the State would lose nothing, although the Vine-dresser and his Land were both swallowed up by an earthquake."

Now this contains the sublime philosophy of the sect of Economists. They worship a kind of non-entity under the different words, the state, the whole, the society, &c. and to this Idol they make bloodier sacrifices than ever the Mexicans did to Tescalipoca. All, that is, each and every sentient being in a given tract, are made diseased and vicious, in order that each may become useful to all, or the State, or the Society,-that is, to the word, all, the word state, or the word society! The absurdity may be easily perceived by omitting the words relating to this idol-as for instance-in a former paragraph of the same (in most respects) excellent work: "If it therefore happens that an additional number produced do more than feed themselves, then I perceive no advantage gained from their production." What? no advantage gained by, for instance, ten thousand happy, intelligent, and immortal Beings having been produced?-O yes! but no advantage "to this Society."What is this Society? this "whole !" this "State?" is it any thing else but a word of convenience to express at once the whole number of confederated individuals living in a certain district? Let the sum total of each man's happiness, be supposed 1000: and suppose ten thousand men produced, who neither made swords or poison, or found corn or clothes for those