into existence in a state of serious administrative and judicial disorganization. The exercise of power was chaotic and justice was not rendered. The Republic recruited foreign technicians, accepted U.N. technical assistance, and redistributed administrative functions among Congolese.15 Many of these Congolese were rapidly promoted to positions of responsibility for which their previous training and experience (often as clerks) had not prepared them.

Clearly, those responsible for founding and directing the school have felt that a long-range program under which Congolese might receive, within the Congo, a complete high-level, intensive training extending over several years was necessary if the Republic was to have a staff sufficiently trained to effect a complete and permanent improvement of the administration and courts. Transitional remedial measures, such as short-term accelerated training in the Congo or training programs abroad, were not enough.

The school's brochure identified in footnote 15 termed all accelerated training limited and imperfect and raised questions about training programs abroad. For one thing, it expressed fear that the Congo's unique situation and problems would not be treated adequately in training programs abroad and that the trainees' efficiency would suffer as a result of their dispersion to foreign countries and of the sheer variety of their training programs.16

Attracting considerable assistance from outside the country, the school has already expanded considerably, and plans call for its further expansion into a permanent and large institution. Enrollment rose from 176 in 1961 to 488 at the beginning of the 1963-64 school

year.

The number of faculty members increased from 27 (16 fulltime and 11 parttime) in 1961-62 to 34 (fulltime) in 1962-63 and 46 (34 fulltime and 12 parttime) in 1963-64. The teachers have come from 12 countries, the largest numbers from Belgium and France.

During its first 4 academic years (1961 through 1963-64) ENDA was housed in the Palais de Justice at Leopoldville. This first temporary site taken over for Government use, ENDA moved in October 1964 to a second temporary site at Djelo Binza, where 18 buildings with classroom capacity for 750 students had been built. Plans call for building on a permanent site on Patrice Lumumba Boulevard in Leopoldville and the school's move there in 1967.

15 Ecole Nationale de Droit et d'Administration-Leopoldville. School, 1961.] p. 6.

16 Ibid. p. 7.

[Leopoldville: The

Administration and Finance

Unlike the other new public institutions, which are the responsibility of the Minister of National Education ENDA is under the authority of the Minister of Justice and the Minister of Public Service.

The school is of course partially financed by the Central Government, whose 1964 calendar-year budget for it was 48,000,000 Congolese francs ($320,000). It has also received considerable assistance from the Ford Foundation, the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID), other countries, and the U.N.

By September 30, 1964 the Ford Foundation had announced grants totaling $1,248,000, each made during a fiscal year ending September 30, as indicated below:

$228,000 toward expenses, including staffing costs.

$265,000 for salaries of the teaching staff (15 professors from 7 countries) and additional administrative personnel and for library services (1962). $100,000 for the construction of student houses (1962).

$45,000 for scholarship assistance to civil servants from Ruanda and Burundi (1963).

$325,000 to continue training in law and administration (1963). $285,000 to continue training in law and administration (1964).

The Foundation also directly recruited the school's first executive secretary.

AID dollar obligations as of June 30, 1964 totaled $497,000. This amount consisted of the following:

$75,000 for 50 scholarships during 1960-61.

$175,000 for a contract for architectural and engineering services, including plans for the permanent school site.

$247,000 for movable equipment and teaching materials and aids."

The U.N. made an initial grant to the school and afterwards provided funds for 200 scholarships in 1962-63 and 427 in 1963-64. UNESCO has been providing staff members-three for 1964. Belgium, France, and the United Kingdom have provided professors; Belgium also gave scholarship aid for 1964. As of fall 1964 all concerned hoped that the European Economic Community (EEC) would finance the construction of buildings on the contemplated permanent site for the school in Leopoldville.

17 Also, local currency equivalent to $350,000 was made available to construct the 18 buildings on the temporary site at Djelo Binza, mentioned on p. 159. This amount came from Public Law 480 funds granted to the Congolese Central Government and the United Nations Organization in the Congo for capital projects that would contribute to the

Programs

In harmony with its purposes, the National School of Law and Administration has been offering two types of courses: (1) A series of accelerated courses of a few months' duration for senior administrators, magistrates, and persons preparing for the diplomatic service admission examination to meet urgent, immediate needs. (2) A 4-year, full-time course with two options, one in administration and one in law, to provide a future staff of highly qualified administrators and magistrates (table 13). In 1963-64 the school began to offer also a 1-year preparatory course to prepare students for the 4-year

one.

Admission to 4-Year Course.-The school has progressively raised the admission requirements for the 4-year course. During its first two sessions (1961 and 1961-62) the admission level was set well below that of university-degree courses, thus making it possible for Congolese to be admitted who had completed only 4 years of secondary education. Under the original legal provisions authorizing the magistrates course, the following admission requirements were in force:

1. 4 or 5 years of secondary education and passing an entrance examination

or

2. 3 years of postprimary education plus (a) 3 years of experience in the legal or administrative services, or (b) 4 years of experience in private enterprise; and then (for both a and b) passing an entrance examination

or

3. A certificate of 6 years of secondary education (no entrance examination required).

Later, according to a 1961 brochure of the school, the admission requirement was (a) at least 4 years of postprimary studies and a satisfactory grade on the entrance examination or (b) a certificate awarded at the end of one of the school's special accelerated courses. For 1962-63 the admission requirements were raised. Applicants without government experience were admitted only if they had completed 6 years of secondary education and those with experience only if they had completed 5 years of secondary education and had been in government service for 2 years.

In 1963-64, for the first time, the school offered a 1-year preparatory course for candidates who had successfully completed 4 or 5 years of secondary studies and had worked 2 years for the Government. It also raised the requirement for entering the 4-year course, in 1963-64 and subsequent years, to completion of 6 years of secondary

studies or completion of the school's 1-year preparatory course. All candidates now take the school's entrance examination.

The 4-Year Course. From the beginning of the 4-year course, its objective has been to provide intensive, high-level education so that at the end of 4 years, despite the low admission requirements, students could achieve the level of a licence in law or administrative sciences. The program was also clearly meant to be completely adapted to the needs of the Congo. The school brochure stresses the need for a break with the colonial past when administrators, imbued with their own concepts and methods, were unable to envision the education of Congolese youth from other than a Western perspective. It declares that the school, established after independence, has been able from the beginning to develop with a new vision.

Early legislation provided that the 4-year program was to comprise 3 years of studies at the school (1 year of general studies and 2 years of specialization in either law or administration) and 1 terminal year of training on the job. The program was revised fairly early, however, with a longer period devoted to general subjects taken in common by both groups.

Table 13 shows the programs for the first and second years in 1961-62. During the first year and the first half of the second year all students pursued the same general studies. In the second half of the second year students took some courses together and also began specialized studies in either law or administration.

Beginning in 1962-63, all first- and second-year students evidently took a common program of general studies. Some third-year students followed the legal program while others followed the administrative. The administrative group took either a general and social or an economic and financial specialization.

Major courses and hours for the first 3 years are shown below:

First Year. Total hours 885: composed of human sciences, 270; political and economic subjects, 285; small-group discussions and weekly test, 330. Second Year. Total hours 870: composed of administrative subjects, 105; economic and social subjects, 135; human sciences, 90; legal subjects, 150; small-group discussions and weekly test, 390.

Third Year (Administrative section having two divisions: general and social; economic and financial). Total hours 780: composed of subjects common to the two divisions, 330; special subjects, 180; small-group discussions and weekly test, 270.

Third Year (Legal section). Total hours 780: composed of major subjects, 510; small-group discussions and weekly test, 270.

The fourth year was to consist of training for (a) 2 months in a

Table 13.-Number of hours per week, per subject, in the programs for the first and second years of the 4-year course at the National School of Law and Administration, by year: 1961-62

Source of data: Ecole Nationale de Droit et d'Administration. Programme de l'Année Preparatoire and Programme de la 2. Année. Léopoldville: The School [1961]. Processed.

1 Average.

2 General vocabulary, legal vocabulary, technique of expressing ideas, and technique of legal composition.

ment.18 The school's first 4th-year students (those in that year during 1963-64) received their training in five different countries. In August 1963 these students, then numbering 98, were distributed as follows:

18 Program published in "Données complémentaires sur l'enseignement supérieur dans la République du Congo." Etudes Congolaises, No. 10, Decembre 1963. p. 19-20.