tration intended that they should be given outside the university in institutions of higher technical education as soon as the latter were able to meet the needs of the country." Secondary Level Courses.-Extending its services even further beyond the strictly university realm than it did in initiating the graduat programs, the University has established several preparatory institutes at various places in the country in order to offer to persons who had been unable to complete their secondary studies opportunities to prepare themselves for postsecondary training, particularly for the graduat programs. First (perhaps as a result of the rate of failures in the entrance examinations for graduat programs) it initiated at Kisantu a full-time 1-year course of scientific and general training to prepare students having 5 years of secondary education for the graduat and pre-university courses. In 1962-63, the University (with $100,000 from the Ford Foundation) opened three other institutes (at Bukavu, Leopoldville, and Stanleyville) and initiated another extension program at Kisantu and these three institutes. Sometimes called the "junior college program" (inaccurately so in terms of level) this program was intended primarily for persons, including those employed during the day, who had already completed a short 4-year terminal secondary course. Kisantu initiated a 2-year day course and the other three a 4-year evening course. All four admitted to these courses persons who had completed 5 years of secondary education and persons who had completed 4 years of secondary education and had passed an entrance examination. In 1963-64, five preparatory institutes were offering evening courses to approximately 200 students. (The Stanleyville institute operated only in 1962-63. Full-time day courses continued at Kisantu.) The approximate number of students at each institute was as follows: During 1963-64 the courses comprised the following subjects: biology, chemistry, English, French, geography, history, mathematics, physics, and religion (or alternatively, moral education). Still primarily designed to prepare students for the graduat programs, they were not equivalent to the humanities programs in the secondary schools. 7 Université Lovanium de Léopoldville. Extrait des Statistiques Fournies a l'UNESCO, Summer Sessions.-Lovanium has conducted a series of 1- or 2month summer refresher sessions, either for a specified group or in a specific subject. A few of these sessions were the following: Date July-October 1962_ August 1963__. September 1963--- Group or subject Teachers. Mathematics. Teachers. Mathematics. Miscellaneous Activities.-Other activities already started by 1963 were educational publications, conferences, radio broadcasts, and study weeks and cultural weekends. One publication, first issued in 1961, was a bimonthly review, Antennes, Chroniques Culturelles Congolaises, devoted to opening up the contemporary world of ideas and events for the Congolese reader.8 Established in 1962 to put the university's intellectual resources at the disposal of the greatest number of people, an autonomous department of University Extension is responsible for the preparatory institutes, the summer sessions, and the miscellaneous activities mentioned above. Training for Private Company Personnel.-Through its Institute of Social and Economic Research, the university has also provided inservice training for Congolese managerial personnel of private companies, selected for advancement under their companies' "Africanization" programs and recommended for training. The Institute has conducted for them several residential seminars in business administration, lasting from 1 week to 4 months. One seminar was held before independence. Certain facts about others held in 1961 and 1962 appear in the following tabulation : For 1962-63 the Institute planned to hold a seminar on each of the following subjects: economic problems, functions of management, management of enterprises, organization for public administration, organization of administrative work, organization of technical services, and personnel administration. * Monseigneur M. Bakole (Vice-Rector of Lovanium University). "Mission Actuelle de l'Université en Afrique et à Madagascar." Informations Universitaires et Professionelles, No. 21-22, Janvier-Juin 1963. p. 47. 2. PREUNIVERSITY COURSES Various changes have occurred also in Lovanium's preuniversity courses (table 12). English has become the second language in these courses, as in the secondary schools. Before independence only students preparing for engineering had to take English. By 1961-62 it was required of students in all five preuniversity courses. By that same year Flemish, offered before independence in the four courses preparing students for jury central examinations, had disappeared entirely from these four courses. The following tabulation reveals the status of Flemish, English, and African language and culture in the four courses from 1959-60 through 1961-62: Another change is that courses taken by students preparing for any single examination have become more uniform. For example, in 1959-60 students studying for the first examination all took French, Latin, and philosophy; but selected four other subjects from a list of eight. In 1962-63 all students preparing for this examination took seven required subjects. In 1962-63 Latin remained among the required subjects of the first and second examinations. By this time, however, the admission re Table 12.-Number of hours per year, per subject, in the preuniversity programs of Lovanium University, by program: 1962-63 Source of data: Lovanium University catalog for 1962-63. 1 A student passing the final examination of any of the five programs, "a" through "e," is eligible to take work leading to the candidature in political, social, and economic sciences and in psychological and pedagogical sciences; as well as to the graduats. 2 Prepares for the Jury central examination for admission to the course leading to the candidature in philosophy and letters. 3 Prepares for the Jury central examination for admission to the course leading to the candidature in sciences (natural and medical, chemical, geological and mineralogical, biological, geographical; and veterinary medicine and pharmacy); or to the candidature of agricultural engineer. Prepares for the Jury central examination for admission to the course leading to the candidature in mathematical and physical sciences, the candidatire of agricultural engineer, and title conducteur civil. Students getting a ratified certificate from program "c" may be admitted also to the candidature courses for which program "b" prepares students. Prepares for the Jury central examination for admission to the cabdidature course in commercial sciences. Prepares for the examination for admission to the engineering faculty. 7 Breakdown of hours: algebra 150, further plane and spacial geometry 90, trigonemetry 30, analytical geometry 120. Breakdown of hours: theoretical arithmetic 60, further algebra 150, further plane and spacial geometry and descriptive geometry 120, trigonometry 60, analytical geometry 180, and calculus 30. revised so that students passing the third jury central examination, which does not include Latin, might enter these courses for the first time. Languages as a group continued to receive heavy emphasis in three courses. In 1962-63 preuniversity courses preparing students for the first, second, and fourth jury central examinations, over half of the total time allotted in each course for required subjects was devoted to English, French, and, where offered, Latin. If the course in African culture and linguistics is included, the proportion for the courses leading to the first and fourth examinations rises to 70 percent. By con trast, mathematics received 60 percent of the time allotted to required subjects in the course leading to the third examination. 3. FIRST-DEGREE PROGRAMS Apparently only a few changes have taken place in the university first-degree programs since 1959-60. One was the introduction of the licence program in English, and another the revision of the law program. 9 Revised Law Program.-In 1961, the Government of the Republic, exercizing its authority to determine the requirements for legal degrees, issued the necessary decree law and orders for the introduction of a new law-degree program. This is a 4-year course consisting of 1 year in the faculty of philosophy and letters leading to a baccalauréat of philosophy and letters and 3 years in the faculty of law leading to the degree licence in law. Students holding the licence may earn the doctorate in law after a further year of special studies. New Teaching Degrees.-The most recent and perhaps the most important development was the introduction in 1962-63 of programs leading to entirely new degrees: (1) the licence in the teaching of philosophy and letters (la licence d'enseignement de philosophie et lettres) and (2) the licence in the teaching of sciences (la licence d'enseignement des sciences) (table C). The provisional regulations presented in the University's 1962–63 catalog state that the two programs are to be open to 1. Candidates having the candidature in philosophy and letters for program (1); and in sciences, natural and medical sciences, pharmacy, civil engineering, and agricultural engineering for program (2). 2. Candidates who pass, before an examining board, the appropriate one of several examinations described in the regulations. 3. Candidates admitted by the faculty on the basis of their prior studies and, if the faculty chooses, supplementary tests. The programs consist of 2 years of studies. The first is devoted largely to the study of methodology and further general education, and the second consists essentially of a training period in a secondary school. Students preparing for the licence in the teaching of philosophy and letters will specialize in the teaching of African history and culture, French, Latin, or English. Those preparing for the degree in science teaching will specialize in one of three groups of subjects: (1) mathematics and physics; (2) botany, chemistry, physics, and zoology; (3) botany, chemistry, geography, and zoology. No one can take the Decree law of Feb. 9, 1961, effective Jan. 1, 1961; and the July 17, 1961 orders of the President-No. 54 (effective at the beginning of the 1961-62 academic year) and No. 55 |