private contributions, and eventually the patronage of the King and Princes, enabled him to found a considerable establishment, and to extend his cares to 400 children.

SWEDEN.

Amongst the many evident proofs of a progressive improvement in the public institutions derived from the Prince whom Sweden has elected to her throne, we may cite the three following regulations. 1. That the people shall vote not by tribes but individually. 2. That the Universities shall be represented in the Diet by professors, who shall sit with the ecclesiastical order. 3. That the sittings of all the courts of law shall be public. M. de Landblad, Consul General, has just undertaken to publish a Swedish Plutarch, to contain the biography of the most eminent characters of Sweden.

DENMARK.

M.Thorvalsden, the celebrated sculptor and rival of Canova, during his recent stay at Copenhagen, had heard of an old friend, the father of seven young children, who had just been deprived of his liberty by distresses, which were far from the result of any disgraceful conduct on his part. M. Thorvalsden, not being possessed at that monent of any money, immediately made his friend a present of one of his finest works, being a marble group of a mother and her two children. The work is now in the hands of M. Stub, a merchant at Livournia, to be sold by order of the present proprietor. This unfortunate man is named Gunnerus, and is of the family of the celebrated Bishop of Drontheim, the author of several esteemed works upon Natural History, and President of the Academy of Sciences at Drontheim. We are glad to record this singular and noble act of an artist, of whose great professional merits we have often spoken in our Magazine.

GERMANY.

Hamburgh.-There is a useful institution in this city, which examines into the condition of women hiring themselves out as wet nurses. At the examinations in October, November, and December last, 118 nurses were examined; of these, some were rejected until generous living might restore the injuries they had sustained from labour and poverty; others were declared incapable pro tempore from disorders, and twenty were rejected for want of milk, or on account of diseases incompatable with the office of a nurse.

Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt.-The proprietors of the practical and theore tical school of agriculture have just

acquired a large farm, and they there fore now possess three estates worked by themselves; and, although contigious to each other, they differ much with respect to soil, aspect, and climate. Every modern improvement is practised, and the best machinery is used in this establishment, and the proprietors have erected a distillery from potatoes, with a brewhouse and works for making vinegar. The board of a pupil is 1000 francs, or 411. 3s. 4d. sterling per annum.

A patriotic old Hungarian, possessed of 100,000 florins, in 1806, offered a premium of 150 florins for the best essay upon the following question, "How can an aged Hungarian, whose children are dead, and who has no near relations employ his money in the most useful manner to his country and his countrymen." There were sixty-seven essays sent to him from Germany and Hungary; the views of which were widely different. That of a priest of Earlsruhe perhaps was the best, he recommended that every year the interest of the capital should be given to the Hungarian, who in the preceding year had been adjudged the most deserving by the University, or by some other learned body.

There are now published annually, in Hungary, two poetical collections, the Aurora and the Hebe; the object of which is to disseminate the works of the poets. The latter work has already existed three years, and it frequently contains pretty engravings and pieces of musical composition.

Minden.-The bones of the celebrated Wittikind, a Saxon warrior who, for thirty years, defended the independence of Germany against Charlemagne, have since 1673 been preserved at Herford. They have been just conveyed to Enger, near Minden, and are now kept in the church.

M. Escher, of Basle, has computed that the quantity of water annually discharged into the Rhine near Basle, is 1,046,763,676 cubic toises, each containing 1000 cubic feet.

GREECE.

The learned ecclesiastic Theoclitus Pharmacides, who has long been resident at Vienna as Archimandrite of the Greek church, and who has conducted in that capital a Literary Journal, called the Greek Mercury, has just been nominated the President of the Council, which has been established at Euboea. This island has been organised by the Greek government, and made a separate province, under the management of a local government.

Greece is divided into four governs ments, each having a Council and a President. These governments united form a central government, subordinate to the supreme authority. The central government is composed of deputies from the four provincial governments, which have no legislative authority, but are divided into departments and sections, having particular magistrates. The central government is divided into a legislative and an executive body. These central bodies remove according to the exigencies of circumstances, and have not as yet any fixed seat of resid

ence.

Greece is divided into Northern and Southern Greece, Peleponnesus and the Islands. Northern Greece comprehends Etolia, Acaruania, and the towns and districts of Misilongi, Anatolia, Opocoro, Gramati, and Suli.Southern Greece contains Athens, Thebes, Livadia, and Negropont except its castle. The islands contain all those in the Archipelago, except Rhodes, Cyprus, Chios, Cos, Mitylene and Lemnos. The President of the central government is Prince Maurocordato.

PORTUGAL.

Public Instruction-Societies, &c. This kingdom contains 873 elementary schools; there is taught in 266 of these schools the Latin language; in 21 Greek and rhetoric; in 27 philosophy and ethics. The University and preparatory college of Coimbra contain always from 12 to 1600 students, and the total number of scholars in these 873 schools, is about 30,000. There are besides several special establishments, such as the Commercial and Marine Academy at Porto, which in 1820 contained 315 students and that of Lisbon, which in 1821 contained an equal number. This last city bas also the Royal College of Nobility; the Academy for the Arabian language; the School of Drawing and Civil Architecture; the Royal Academy of Sculpture and that of Engraving; the Institute of Music, and several others of minor importance. There is also the military school of mutual instruction, (Lancasterian) admitting the children of the citizens, and which contained in 1818 2518 scholars; the number of which has since increased. The Royal Academy of sciences at Lisbon publishes annually its proceedings, and which are not destitute of interest. Other societies have recently been established, and amongst others the Literary Patriotic Society, and the So ciety of Encouragement. The medium number of books published in Portugal

from 1805 to 1819, was 94, but such have been the happy effects of the constitution, that, independent of news papers, the publications have already been increased threefold.

NETHERLANDS.

Brussels-M. Simon has begun a collection of 100 medals, containing the portraits of the illustrious characters of the low countries. He has already executed the King, the Queen, and the Princes, Rembrandt, Gretry, Rubens, Boerhave, André Vesal, Quintin Matsys, Lens, Vandyck; the Admirals Tromp and Heyn, Breugel, Balthazar Moretus, Lucas of Leyden, Ooeck, Erasmus, and the last Duke of Arenberg. The me dals are executed in the most finished style, but unfortunately the inscriptions are extremely negligent, confounding the Latin and French languages, and one of them contains even a solecism.

The dean of the Flemish school of painting, Andrew Corneille Lens, died at Brussels on 30th March, 1822, in his 82nd year. He painted portraits and history, and his work entitled "The Costumes of the People of Antiquity, proved by their Monuments," evinces his research. He was a corresponding Member of the Institutes of France and Holland. ITALY.

Poisonous qualities of the Berries of Melia-anzedarach. The fruit of this elegant tree is noxious to some animals, whilst others eat it without injury, and even with delight. Its injurious effects upon man has long been known. M. Acerbi of Milan has proved its effects upon four cows. These animals, it is true, had eaten considerably, nearly five pounds. Three of them were quickly recovered, whilst the fourth required prompt and reiterated measures of relief.

The Obituary of Naples gives the following instances of Longevity during the year 1821. Seventeen persons above 100 years, amongst whom are V. Genarelli, 117 years; G. Finamora, 107; Elena Finizia, 114; Maddalene Maiona, 110; Anna Mariotti, 107; Giovanna Sterlitz, 106; and Nicolletta Delicato, 105.

Le Chevalier Rosa has sown with much success, some dry Chinese rice, at Brescia which he had received from Vienna. Of six grains, four produced fifty-eight ears, containing 2680 grains. An experiment in 1821 produced the same result.

In the high road, near Corneto, has been discovered a sepulchral vault, cut in the rock, and containing a dead body in a coffin, cut likewise in the rock,

and by the side of which were a casque, two very long spears, a sword, and two metal shields, decorated with bas reliefs, well executed, but defaced. There were also several elegant brazen and earthenware vases, some of which were floridly ornamented. It has been supposed that this was the tomb of some warrior of the ancient city of Tarquinia, a city that has now ceased to exist for more than twenty-five centuries. These objects of antiquity have been carefully placed under the protection of the magistracy of Corneto.

The celebrated sculptor, Liborio Londini, has made an imitation in Palombo marble of Trajan's Column, with its 2,000 figures, its bridges, its edifices, and machines. This work which is only six palms high, has attracted the attention of connoisseurs.

There has been discovered in the vineyard of Ruffini, near the Via Nomentana, a Columbarium, in good preservation, with fine paintings and 200 inscriptions. A short time before, there had been discovered near the church of Saint Agnes a similar monu ment, which contained a number of bones half burat, with thirty-seven inscriptions relative to the family of the Emperor Claudius Tiberius.

SWITZERLAND.

Committees in favour of the Greeks are established in every part of Swit zerland, where an enthusiasm for the cause is at the highest. The following pamphlets have been published, the profits being destined to aid the Greek cause. "A liberal Appeal to the Inhabitants of Appenzel, beyond Rhoden, to come to the Succour of the Greeks,' by M. Frei, Svo. 16 pages. "Reasons which ought to Influence the Swiss more than any other people, to wish for a noble Freedom for the Greeks," by the Pastor Muller. Zurich, 8vo, 28 pages. "An Appeal in favour of carrying succours to the Greeks," an eloquent discourse, published at Arau, by the Pastor Schuler.

FRANCE.

Upper Pyrennees.-M. E. H. Tholdard, Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Tarbes, has pubJished a small tract or essay, entitled

Means of Protection against Thunder and Hail, with Observations on Bearded Rye, "&c. Thisphysician maintains, that cords, of flax-straw, placed at a certain heighth above fields and vineyards, attract the electric fluid and prevent the formation of hail. In 1822, of eighteen parishes or communes which had every year been deluged with hail, only three were slightly injured by hail storms,

and these were in the neighbourhood of grounds to which the cords of flaxstraw had not been applied, and whilst moreover, twenty adjoining communes, which had not taken this precaution, lost the greatest part of the produce by the hail. M. Beltrami, a physician of Milan, intends to repeat the experi ment.

Two years ago, Mr. John Dortie, one of the directors of the experimental farm of the Gironde, published a very interesting pamphlet upon the possibility of growing cotton in the Southern departments of France. The pamphlet made a considerable sensation, and the Prefect of the Lot-et-Garonne applied to the Minister of the Interior for a grant to purchase seed, and the money was distributed to several landed proprietors in the arrondisment of Nerac. The results of the experiments have been satisfactory, and some of the cotton produced has been very remark. able for the fineness and length of the fibres.

M. Georget, the eminent painter upon Porcelaine, died at Paris on the 26th of March last, aged about 60. Having studied in the school of M. David, he gave himself up to minature painting, discontinuing which, he and his wife entered at the Feydeau. He then quitted this theatre, and resumed miniature painting, but the celebrated artist Madame Jaquotot, having introduced him at Sevres, he continued there to his death. He had great freedom of execution and felicity of colouring, and he has left two works that will preserve his name from oblivion. Charles V. and Francis I. visiting the tombs at St. Denis, from the painting of M. Gros; and the dropsical woman of Gerard Dow. This last work is the most distinguished.

Subscription in favour of the Greeks. -The misfortunes of the Greeks have long excited the attention of every friend of religion, humanity, and freedom; but since the late events which have secured the emancipation of the Morea, the most unfortunate of the Greeks are those who, inhabiting the extremities of Greece, are exposed to be re-conquered by the Turks, and are liable to their utmost vengeance. There are many that have with the utmost difficulty escaped from the massacres of Scio and Asia-Minor, and are now exposed to want and misery in the towns, upon the coast of the Adriatic, on the western coast of Italy, and at Marseilles. Those who have taken refuge in France, might return to the asylum which the success of the Greeks

in the Morea would afford them, if they had the means of making the voyage and of supplying themselves with the necessaries of life. The Society of Christian Morals, desirous of affording these wretched persons the means of returning to their country, have appealed to their members and to all who feel an interest in the cause, and assure the public that subscriptions will be duly applied to this object; they have formed in Paris a committee of their own members, and of several respectable Greeks residing in the capital. M. André, the banker, has undertaken to receive the subscriptions, and to remit them to Marseilles and other points, and to secure, by means of his correspondents, their equitable and judicious distribution to the distressed Greeks. The members of the Committee are the Duke de la Rochefoucauld, President of the Society of Christian Morals, the Duke de Broglie, the Count de Lasteyrie, Count Alexander de Laborde, the Baron Delesert, Charles de Remusat, Alphonsus Mahul, A. Coray, M. Schinas, A.Vogoridi, M. Contzofski, Demetrius Photelas, M. André, banker, No. 9, Rue Cadet. Subscriptions are received at the above address, or at the Office of the Society, by M. Cassin, No. 12, Rue Paranne.

In the Pays de Vaud, there has been discovered two Mosaic pavements, one representing the head of Ceres.

The pastor Uelzerfort, at Hattingen, has presented to the Museum of Bonn, the head of an idol in black stone, found a few years ago on the banks of the Roer. The head is supposed to have been that of Crodo; it has an opening in the crown.

The French Press. It is said that the English resident in Paris and other parts of France are to have a new English paper started for their accommodation. There is already an English Journal in Paris, which is well circulated, and the proprietors of which are reaping a good profit. It appears, therefore, that there is a fair opening for a second enterprise of this nature. A list of the French Newspapers published, with the amount of the number of copies printed, will shew that, notwithstanding the low price of Newspapers (a paper being sold for 2d. English) there is by no means the same extent of intellectual anxiety here as in England. The Moniteur, 3 to 4,000; Debats, 11,000: Journal de Paris, 8,000; Courier Français, 5,000; Quotidienne, 3,500; Drapeau Blanc, 3,500; Journal du Commerce, 4,000; Gazette de France, 2,200; Pilote and Etoile together, about 4,000; Oriflamme, 500; Constitutionnel, 17 to 18,000. These are all daily papers; no weekly news. paper, or three day newspaper, is pub lished in Paris.

THERE are in England ninety-seven canals, and five in Scotland and Ireland, exclusive of those not exceeding five miles in length. The total length of these canals is 26823 miles; or 2471 in England, 1493 in Scotland, and 691 in Ireland. The expense of these has been thirty millions, and many of them have encreased in value from fifteen to twenty times their original cost. In these canals there are forty-eight tunnels, of which forty measure thirtytwo miles. The first canal, which was cut in 1755, was the project of the Duke of Bridgewater and the celebrated engineer Brindle, who completed it in 1759, and thus solved the contest relative to the utility of canals.

The Glasgow frigate (on board of which the late Governor-General came to Europe) has brought to England, as presents from the Nabob of Oude to his Majesty, several articles of considerable value, being estimated at upwards of 200,0001. Among them are a

sword set in diamonds, a belt, and sword knot; the latter composed of diamonds and other precious jewels of the most costly description, and suspended to it is an emerald of great value, it being considered the largest extant, and nearly the size of an egg. A bird of Paradise alive, has also been brought to England in this ship. A bull and cow, of a small white breed, which the Hindoos worship, have also arrived as a present to the Princesses.

It appears that the number of steam engines at the present in action in this country may be reckoned at 10,000; and one with another each may be estimated to be equal in power to 20 horses; that each horse will do the work of six men, and that consequently the acting powers of our steam engines are equal in effect to 200,000 horses, or 1,200,000 men,

In the Press, the Third Edition of Sir Astley Cooper's work on Dislocations and Fractures of the Joints. Au

Appendix will contain a Refutation of almost every statement made in a late critical publication, on a subject treated of in the former editions of the above work.

A series of French Classics, in 18mo, is now in the course of publication, edited by M. Ventouillac, and handsomely printed in the original, with elegant engravings and vignettes by eminent artists: they are also accompanied with notes and the lives of the authors. Elizabeth, by Mad. Cottin, is already published, and is a very favourable specimen of typographical accuracy, and general execution.

A Society of South American gentlemen have, we understand, undertaken to publish every three months in London a work chiefly relating to their own country, called the Biblioteca Americana, and intended to diffuse knowledge respecting a Continent so little known in England, and also to excite a taste for reading among their own countrymen.

A singular work has just appeared, entitled "Sketches in Bedlam; or, Characteristic Traits of Insanity as displayed in the Cases of 140 Patients of both sexes now or recently confined in New Bethlem." Drawn up from the incidents supplied by such an Institution, it can hardly fail to be useful, as it will -make its merits more generally known, and remove prejudices in the minds of the uninformed on the subject. To the inquisitive mind, a faithful exhibition of the various modifications of mania (and "the correctness of the respective statements, we are told, is entitled to the most implicit belief") presents an interesting field of study.

Mr. Williams has in contemplation to publish, as soon as subscriptions for indemnity can be obtained, designs from a complete series of antique Friezes, commonly known as the Phigalian Marbles, comprehending the celebrated contest between the Centaurs and Lapithæ, and the battle of the Greeks and Amazons; which formerly ornamented the cella of the Temple of Apollo Epicurius, at Phigalia, in Arcadia, Greece: taken from these marbles, now deposited in the British Museum; consisting of 23 tablets, the designs for which are made by various young artists of rising eminence of the -British school; and are to be engraved in exact imitation of the original drawings, in the lithographic manner, by Mr. F. O. Finch.-The Temple was an object of universal admiration in

the most splendid age of Grecian perfection, (that of Pericles.) for its architectural, as well as sculptural magnificence: these designs in the original are peculiarly spirited and diversified, and proclaim the very high degree of sculptural perfection then obtained among the first artists of that justly celebrated people.-The subject of each plate is intended to be illustrated on a separate leaf, facing the plate, by readings collected from the classic authors of antiquity, historians and poets, who have written upon the subjects, and from which the original artist is presumed to have obtained the idea for his design.

A gentleman, well know in the literary world, is at present occupied in preparing a History of Modern Italy. This work, offering a compressed version of M. de Sismondi's invaluable Histoire des Republiques Italiennes, and completed from Muratori and other original authorities, is nearly ready for publication in Svo.

Early in August, will be published, Adratus, a Tragedy, with Amiabel or the Cornish Lover, a Metrical Tale, founded on fact, and other poems. By R. C. Dallas, Esq.

Preparing for the press, and shortly will be published, a New Way to Pay Old Debts. By John Scott, Esq. Dedicated to the gentlemen of Bartholomew-lane, and that neighbourhood. Edited by competent persons.

The Seventh Edition of Mr. Fairman's Account of the Public Funds, with considerable Additions, is in the press. The work has been completely re-modelled; the accounts of the different stocks revised, corrected, and brought down to the present time; and a variety of interesting and valuable information added, the whole calculated to furnish a complete Manuel of the Finances of Great Britain.

In a few days will be published, a volume, which has hitherto been confiled to private circulation, by Mr. Alaric A. Watts, entitled, Poetical Sketches with Stanzas for music and other Poems.

In the press, a new and handsome edition of the works of the Rev. John Hurrions, viz. Sermons on Christ Crucified and Glorified, and on the Holy Spirit. Now first collected with a Life of the Author, in 3 vols. 12mo.

Also a New Edition of the Lime Street Lecture Sermon, beautifully printed in 1 vol. 8vo.