trians to retire into the country behind them. Thefe operations of the army, under Moreau, were defigned to fecond those of that under Jourdan, who was successfully proceeding in every enterprize he formed, and driving before him the Imperialists, under Wartenfleben, a brave and experienced officer, but at this period continually unfortunate. After a feries of ill fuccefs, he sustained a heavy defeat, on the fixth of Auguft, at Hochstadt, in the neighbourhood of Bamberg, where his own fkill, and the valour of his troops, were obliged to yield to the fuperior exertions of the French. He now retired to a ftrong pofition between Sultzbach and Amberg, two towns on the confines of the north of Bavaria, but here he was again attacked by general Jourdan, on the fixteenth of Auguft, and his troops diven from the advantageous poft they occupied here and at Neumark, a town in the vicinity. These repeated difafters, in Germany, rendered more grievous by the intelligence daily arriving of the victorious progrefs of the French in Italy, caufed an alarm at Vienna, almost equal to that which had been. experienced in the commencement of the reign of the late emprefs, Mary Therefa, when he was compelled to quit her capital, to avoid the danger of falling into the hands of her numerous enemies. In this perilous emergency he made a folemn appeal to his fubjects in Bohemia, who lay neareft the danger, exhorting them by every motive of loyalty to their fovereign, and regard to the fafety of their poffeffions and religion, to arm inftantly in the defence of both. To this purpose he enjoined the establifhment of a national militia, to which he held out every encou ragement and remuneration enjoyed by the regular troops. By the plan propofed, the twentieth part of all the able-bodied men in that kingdom were to be drafted for the protection of its frontiers, from the expected irruption of the French. The like appeal was made to the people of Hungary, and of all his other dominions. They were carefully reminded, on this occafion, of the immenfe exactions of the French, not only in money, but in every article of neceffity, or of ufe, and with what severe punctuality the payment of them was required. It was chiefly the dread of thefe heavy demands that influenced the determination of the Germans to contribute all in their power to prevent the farther progress of the French. Their levies of money, and their other requifitions excited univerfal alarm. The duke of Wirtemburg had been affeffed four millions the circle of Swabia, twelve millions, befides ato furnish eight thousand horfes, five thoufand The emperor Francis feemed on oxen, one hundred and fifty thouthe eve of being in the like manner fand quintals of corn, one hundred forced to abandon Vienna. His thoufand facks of pats, a proportionhereditary dominions, Bohemia parable quantity of hay and dne tunticularly, were menaced with a dred thousand pair of fhoest Eight speedy invafion by the French, un-millions were demanded from the lefs an immediate ftop were pui to eircle of Franconia, with a very their career. large fupply of herfesh Great fums 12 [4] were were alfo required from the cities of Francfort, Wurtfburg, Ramberg, and Nuremberg, together with an immenfe quantity of other articles, for the fubfiftence and clothing of the French armies. But the terror, which their arms had spread every where, fuperfeded all confiderations but that of deprecating their hoftility upon any terms, After general Moreau's paffage of the Lech, the elector of Bavaria, thinking himself no longer fecure, made overtures to that officer for a pacification. This, indeed, had been done by every prince and city that had not been able to refift him. The diet itfelf of the empire, convened as ufual at Ratisbon, partook of the univerfal confternation. In a fitting, held on the 30th of July, for the purpofe of confulting on the fituation of affairs, the deputies of the princes and flates of the empire came to the determination of opening a negociation for peace with France. All the members of the diet acceded to it, except the deputies from Auftria and Bohemia, who · afcribed the difafters of the war to want of union among the flates of the empire, and their backwardnefs to fecond their chief, the emperor, in the common defence of their country. But the dangers apprehended from the French, appeared greater than that of oppofing the defire of the emperor. A decree was pafled, by the diet, feriously to remonftrate to him, that, in the prefent circumftances of the empire, it was neceffary, conformably to the wifh of its divers members, to put an end to a war that had been fo calamitous, and no longer to defer the concluding of a peace upon reasonable conditions. Not content with this addrefs to the emperor, they looked upon the fituation of the diet as fo precarious, that they commiffioned deputies to repair to the French armies, to ftipulate with the generals for the fecurity and protection of the diet, and of the public documents and archives in its cuftody, and for the neutrality of Ratisbon itself. In this extremity, the archduke refolved to make a refolute attempt to extricate the diet and the empire at once, from the humiliating condition to which they were reduced. He was at this time fo hard pressed by Moreau, that he hardly could judge which of the two difficulties required his attention the moft: that of oppofing this formidable adverfary, or of haftening to the fuccour of Wartenfleben. Jourdan had invariably maintained his fuperiority over him and pushing him, from poft to poft, was now advanced within a day's march of Ratisbon. No time was, therefore to be loft in marching to his afsistance. This was become the more indifpenfible, that a strong divifion of Jourdan's army, under general Bernardotte, an active and enterprifing officer, had been detached, with orders to proceed immediately to Ratisbon. This circumftance determined the archduke. Leaving a powerful body to obferve the motions of Moreau, he fpeeded towards the Danube, which he croffed on the feventeenth of Auguft, at Ingolftadt, with the intent of throwing himself between Ratifbon and the French divifion that was approaching it. On that very day general Wartenileben's army was attacked in its encampment at Sultzback; by that ' of of Jourdan. The Auftrians had been fo much reinforced by continual detachments fent them by the archduke, that they were more than equal in number to the French. They defended themselves with fuch obftinacy, that the conflict lafted from the beginning of day till eleven at night, when the French had obtained poffeffion of the ground on which the battle had been fought. During this engagement, a large divifion of Jourdan's army marched towards Amberg, to prevent the Auftrians, who were ftationed there, from coming to the aid of thofe who were fighting at Sultzbach. General Championnet, who commanded this divifion, fell in with the Auftrians while on their way to that town; and affailed them with fo much vigour, that they were forced back to Amberg. The difpute was maintained with great courage and perfeverance on each fide, and lasted no less than twelve hours. On the morning of the eigh teenth, the French army moved forwards towards the Auftrians, who were ftrongly pofted in front of Amberg. General Jourdan propofed to attack them before they had been joined by the archduke; but their fuperiority was already fuch, that without waiting to be attacked, they advanced upon the French with fuch impetuofity and vigour, that these were feveral times forced from the pofition they had taken they recovered it at laft, after repeated efforts; and, purfuing their advantage, made themselves mafters of the heights before Amberg. The Auftrians were compelled to retreat across the Nab, and wait the arrival of the numerous troops which they hourly expected would come to their affiftance. They arrived at length, with the archduke at their head. Repeated exprefles had been dispatched to him during the night of the eighteenth, to apprife him of the retreat of the Auftrians before the French army, and of its taking poffeffion of the country on the other fide of the Nab. As foon as he had gained fufficient intelligence of the relative pofition of the contending armies, he refolved to avail himfelf, without delay, of the immenfe fuperiority which his junction with Wartenfleben now gave him over the French. After concerting their plan of operations, the archduke attacked the French divifion, under general Bernadotte, on, the twenty-fecond of Auguft, and forced him to fall back to Neumark, whence he was, on the day following, compelled to retire towards Nuremberg; leaving the left wing and rear of Jourdan's. army expofed to that of the archduke. The This proved a decifive day. General Jourdan was no longer able to contend with the united armies of the archduke and of Wartenfleben. They moved in order of battle, on the twenty-fourth, with an intention to furround him. The latter was to affail him in front, and the former to take him in flank and rear. vaft difparity of his ftrength obliged the French general to make an immediate retreat. He conducted it with equal judgement and fpirit. From the twenty-fourth of Auguft, when it commenced, till his arrival at Wurtburg, on the fecond of September, it was a feries of encounters and kirmishes; wherein the fuperiority of the Auftrians in numbers, aided by the great multitudes of the peafantry, that fell upon the French from all quarters, rendered all. re fiftance fiftance, on their part, impracticable. General Jourdan made a refolute ftand upon that day. He defeated the Auftrian general, Stzaray; and would have totally deftroyed the troops under his command, notwithftanding his fkill and their bravery, had not the whole of the archduke's army arrived in time to relieve both him and Wartenfleben, who had not, conjointly, been able to make an effectual impreffion upon the French. They again continued their re treat, harrafted by the Auftrians; who frequently experienced the fevereft checks, and were obliged to act with the utmost caution against an enemy, whofe inferiority of ftrength alone, procured them moft of their advantages. From the fixth to the fixteenth, feveral- obftinate engagements took place between the Auftrians and the French, who routed two of their, beft generals, Kray and Hotze, with confiderable lofs. But on the archduke's concentrating his force for a general attack, they withdrew from their pofts on the Lahn, on the feven teenth, and made good their retreat to the Sieg. It was performed with fuch order, and their countenance appeared fo firm and refolute, that the Austrians, though they were fo much more numerous, did not judge proper to give them much moleftation, and fuffered them to retire with a lofs that was deemed inconfiderable, when compared with the means they had of rendering it much greater. Thus ended an expedition, from which,at its commencement,the most profperous iffue was expected, and would probably have been derived, had those irregularities and depre dations been duly reftrained, which were fo peculiarly unbecoming and impolitic in the republican and revolutionary army, and had thofe fupplies of men and of money been feafonably provided, on which the general entrusted with the expedition had confidently relied. The want of pecuniary remittances obliged him to have recourfe to heavier exactions than were confiftent with the plan of conciliation, on which the French muft have been confcious, the prefervation of their popularity among the natives of Germany, and of that good will to their caufe, through which they promised themselves, and adually met with during fometime, a very friendly reception from the commonality chiefly depended, The want of reinforcements was a ftill more fatal injury, to the enter prife. The extent of country, overrun rather than fubdued by the French, required a far greater force than that commanded by Jourdan, whofe operations were neceffarily ftinted, from the inadequacy of his ftrength to perform them, and whofe activity was perpetually retarded by the defect of means to give it proper fcope. " The loffes of the French, in this expedition, were very confiderable in foldiers and officers of the highest defert and reputation in their fervice. None, indeed, but fuch could have contended with the far fuperior numbers of excellent troops continually starting up against them from every quarter; or, could have made good their retreat through the vaft tract of country they had to traverfe; their march through which was no lefs dangerous from, the hoftility of the inhabitants, than from the indefatigable rigour of a purfuing enemy. long the “The greatest loss that befel them, in this long and difficult retreat, was that of general Marceau, an officer of the higheft character in his profeffion. In the retreat of the Sieg, on the nineteenth of September, while the French were cleaning the defiles of Altenkircha, he was entrafted with the protection of their rear. He executed this talk in a mafterly and fuccefsful manner. But as he was reconnoitring a wood, occupied by the enemy, he was mortally wounded. So great was the efteem and respect he was held in by the Auftrians, that the archduke himself fent his furgeon to attend him; and after he was dead, ordered his body to be delivered to the French, and military honours to be paid to his memory by his own army, in conjunction with the French military. General Marceau fell in the flower of his age: he had just completed his twenty-feventh year. But his talents were extraordinary, and excited the firmeft perfuafion, that he would become one of the greatest commanders of the age. He was, by the generality of military people, reputed another Buonaparte. He had, like him, rifen by performing arduous and effential fervices, and was the favourite of the foldiery, who lamented his lofs as that of a friend and protector, as well as of a general in whom they placed the jufteft confidence. Shortly after his retreat across the Rhine, general Jourdan became fo feriously indifpofed, through the inceffant fatigue he had undergone during this laborious campaign, that he was obliged to refign the command of the army of the Sambre and Meufe, which was conferred upon general Bournonville, who was at this time at the head of those forces denominated the army of the north. He had greatly diftinguished himself in the campaigns of 1792 and 1793. reputation he had acquired; and, He fully maintained the during the remainder of the campaign, kept the Auftrians continual in check, and defeated them in some very ferious engagements. having freed the empire from one of In the mean time, the archduke the invading armies, now faw himfelf at liberty to attack the other with a far fuperior force, flushed with victory, and defirous to complete the fuccefs and honour it had gained, by compelling that army in the fame manner to abandon its conquefts in Germany. make head against the French forces Leaving a fufficient ftrength to fet out at the head of a powerful he had driven across the Rhine, he army in queft of general Moreau, whom he doubted not to compel, into France. as he had done Jourdan, to retire This refolute and fkilful officer general Latour, who commanded was still contending fuccefsfully with the Auftrian forces, and was extremely active in his endeavours to expel the French from Batavia; but Moreau was fuperior to him in every engagement. Finding it, however, impoffible to maintain his ground, in the heart of Germany, army, against the immenfe fuperioafter the expulfion of Jourdan's rity of numbers that were on the point of aflailing him, he came to the determination of moving back to the Rhine. He broke up his incampment before Ingolftadt on the 10th of September, and retired leifurely towards Neuburg, overcoming every obftacle in his way, and |