The Evolution of animal intelligenceH. Holt, 1911 - 296 páginas |
Termos e frases comuns
according acid activities adaptive Amoeba amphipod anemones animal intelligence ants appearance aquarium association become bees behavior birds body Bohn caterpillar causes chemical chemotaxis cilia contraction crab crayfish creature crustacea Darwin degree Didinium direction effect evolution experiments fish follow forms frog glass gradually habit higher hive hole imitation impulse individual infusorian insects instinct Jennings Jour larvæ learned light Lloyd Morgan Loeb manifested ment mental mind modified monkeys motor reflex movements natural negative nervous nest number of trials objects observed organism orientation pain Paramecium Paramœcia performed phototactic phototaxis placed Planaria pleasure positive prey protozoa pseudopod Psych psychic psychology pulled raccoons reach react reaction reflex action repeated response result rheotaxis seized shown side similar species specimens Spencer statocysts Stentor stimulus surface swimming tendency tentacles theory thigmotaxis Thorndike tion tropisms turn usually variations various Wasmann wasp worms young
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Página 170 - ... if the states of consciousness which a creature endeavours to maintain are the correlatives of injurious actions, and if the states of consciousness which it endeavours to expel are the correlatives of beneficial actions, it must quickly disappear through persistence in the injurious and avoidance of the beneficial.
Página 115 - Under changed conditions of life, it is at least possible that slight modifications of instinct might be profitable to a species ; and if it can be shown that instincts do vary ever so little, then I can see no difficulty in natural selection preserving and continually accumulating variations of instinct to any extent that was profitable. It is thus, as I believe, that all the most complex and wonderful instincts have originated.
Página 91 - ... nests. An action, which we ourselves require experience to enable us to perform, when performed by an animal, more especially by a very young one, without experience, and when performed by many individuals in the same way, without their knowing for what purpose it is performed, is usually said to be instinctive.
Página 212 - ... to go round by the long bridge. They tried in vain to stretch up from the earth to the glass, which, however, was just out of their reach, though they could touch it with their antennae ; but it did not occur to them to heap the earth up a little, though if they had moved only half a dozen particles of earth they would have secured for themselves direct access to the food.
Página 113 - Now, why do the various animals do what seem to us such strange things, in the presence of such outlandish stimuli! Why does the hen, for example, submit herself to the tedium of incubating such a fearfully uninteresting set of objects as a nestful of eggs, unless she have some sort of a prophetic inkling of the result! The only answer is ad hominem.
Página 212 - ... of an inch, and they might easily have done so. After trying for about a quarter of an hour, they gave up the attempt and returned home. This I repeated several times.
Página 91 - ... we may call the instincts of animals those unknown faculties implanted in their constitution by the Creator, by which, independent of instruction, observation, or experience, and without a knowledge of the end in view, they are impelled to the performance of certain actions tending to the well-being of the individual and the preservation of the species...
Página 159 - In no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of the exercise of a higher psychical faculty, if it can be interpreted as the outcome of the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale.
Página 173 - Or, on the other hand, we suppose the spontaneous movements to give pain, and assume that, with the pain, there will be a decrease of energy, extending to the movements that cause the evil, and thereby providing a remedy. A few repetitions of the fortuitous concurrence of pleasure and a certain movement, will lead to the forging of an acquired connection, under the law of Retentiveness or Contiguity, so that, at an after time, the pleasure or its idea shall evoke the proper movement at once.
Página 114 - of course we smile, of course our heart palpitates at the sight of the crowd, of course we love the maiden, that beautiful soul clad in that perfect form, so palpably and flagrantly made from all eternity to be loved!