taries attempted to establish the Church of England in this part of their province, the people of which were nearly all Presbyterians, Quakers, and Lutherans. It was ordered that all who refused to submit to the laws for the establishment and support of the English church should be disfranchised. The people opposed a general and determined resistance to this measure, and at the end of a year there was but one clergyman of the English church within the limits of the colony. The resistance finally culminated in open rebellion. The colony was divided into two parties, one of which sustained the authority of the proprietors, the other the rights of the people. Each party had its governor and assembly, and for six years the colony remained in a state of anarchy. The Quakers were the leading spirits of the popular party, and maintained their rights with a steadfastness characteristic of their race.

Thus far North Carolina had escaped a war with the Indians. The Tuscaroras, who occupied the central and northwestern portions of the present State, had emigrated at some remote period from the north, and they now viewed with jealousy and distrust the encroachments of the whites upon their lands. About 1711 the proprietaries assigned large tracts in the country of this tribe to a company of Germans from the region of the Neckar and the Rhine, who had fled to America to escape religious persecution. A company of these exiles had come out under the direction of De Graffenreid, and in September, 1711, De Graffenreid accompanied Lawson, the surveyor-general of the province, in an expedition up the Neuse, for the purpose of locating these lands and of ascertaining how far the river was navigable. They were captured by a party of sixty Indians and hurried to a distant village of the Tuscaroras. Lawson was regarded with bitter hostility by the Indians, who looked upon him as responsible above all others for the loss of their lands, as he had been compelled by his duties to locate the grants of the proprietaries, and he was put to death with cruel torments. De Graffenreid was also condemned to die; but he told the savages that he had been but a short time in the country, and that he was the "chief of a different tribe from the English," and promised that he would take no more of their land. The Indians kept him a prisoner for five weeks, and then permitted him to return to his friends. During this time the Tuscaroras and Corees, whom they had drawn into an alliance with them, attacked the settlements of the whites on the Roanoke and Pamlico sound, and for three days spread death and devastation all along the frontier of the colony. A large number of the unoffending settlers were slain and many homesteads were destroyed.

The people of North Carolina appealed to Virginia and South Carolina

for assistance. South Carolina sent a small body of troops and a force of friendly Indians; and Governor Spotswood of Virginia, unable to send assistance, engaged one tribe of the Tuscaroras in a treaty of peace. The people of North Carolina, divided by their internal dissensions, took scarcely any part in the struggle. The South Carolina forces attacked the Tuscaroras in their fort and compelled them to make peace. The troops, however, on their return home, violated the treaty by seizing some of the Indians for the purpose of selling them as slaves. The war broke out again, and was prosecuted with vigor for about a year, and resulted in the expulsion of the Tuscaroras from North Carolina.

The Yemmassees had for some time been hostile to the Spaniards, as they resented the efforts of the priests to convert them to Christianity. They had acted as the allies of the English in the war with the Tuscaroras, but after the close of that struggle the unscrupulous traders, who regarded them as "a tame and peaceable people," had treated them so badly, and plundered them so systematically, that they were driven into hostility to the English. They thereupon renewed their friendship with the Spaniards, and induced the Catawbas, the Creeks, and Cherokees, who had also been friendly to the English, to join them against their former allies. In 1715 the savages, suddenly, and without warning, attacked the settlements on the frontier. The alarm was sent to Port Royal and Charleston, and the assailed people fled towards the settlements along the coast. The Indians continued their depredations, and the colony prepared as rapidly as possible to resist them. Aid was sent from North Carolina, whose government had now been placed on a more stable footing. Governor Craven took the field without delay, with such troops as he could raise, and a long and bloody struggle ensued. The power of the savages was broken, however. The Yemmassees were compelled to take refuge in Florida, where they were provided for by the Spaniards, and the other tribes were driven farther westward.

The contests between the proprietaries and the colonists now came to an end. The proprietaries had made no effort to help the colonists during their struggle with the Indians, and the latter determined to have no more to do with their former lords. The dispute was carried before Parliament, which body declared that the proprietaries had forfeited their charter. In 1720 the king appointed Francis Nicholson provisional governor of Carolina. In 1729 the controversy was ended by the purchase of the proprietaries' interests by the crown for the sum of $110,000. Carolina thus became a royal province, and was divided by the king into two separate states, known respectively as North and South Carolina, to each of which a royal governor was appointed.

CHAPTER XIX.

SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA.

General James Edward Oglethorpe-His Efforts to Reform Prison Discipline of England -Proposes to Found a Colony in America for the Poor and for Prisoners for Debt-A Charter Obtained from the King-Colonization of Georgia-Savannah Settled-First Years of the Colony-Labors of Oglethorpe-Arrival of New Emigrants-Augusta Founded-The Moravian Settlements-The Wesleys in America-George Whitefield— War between England and Spain-Oglethorpe Invades Florida-Failure of the Attack upon St. Augustine-The Spaniards Invade Georgia-Oglethorpe's Stratagem-Its Successss-Battle of "Bloody Marsh"-Close of the War-Charges against Oglethorpe-His Vindication-His Return to Europe-Changes in the Colonial Government-Introduc tion of Slavery into Georgia-Prosperity of the Colony.

HE severe laws in force in England in the last century against debtors aroused the opposition of many philanthropists, who strove to procure their abolition or amelioration. Among these was General James Edward Oglethorpe, an officer of the English army and a member of Parliament. He was a man of fortune, and of generous nature, and devoted himself with energy to reform not only the laws against debtors but the entire prison discipline of England. There were at this time upwards of four thousand men in prison for debt. Their condition was most pitiful. They had no hope of relief save through the mercy of the creditors who had consigned them to their prisons, and were treated with a severity due only to criminals. It seemed an outrage to the generous Oglethorpe to visit such heavy punishments upon persons whose only crimes were their misfortunes, and he endeavored to have the laws authorizing imprisonment for debt repealed, and failing in this conceived the plan of establishing in America a place of refuge to which the poor and unfortunate might resort, and earn a support by their own industry. He succeeded in interesting others in his benevolent scheme, and in 1732 a petition, signed by a number of men of rank and influence, was presented to George II., praying him to grant to the petitioners a tract of unoccupied land in America for the purpose of founding such an asylum as that proposed by Oglethorpe. The king responded favorably to this appeal, and granted to Oglethorpe and twenty other persons the region between the Savannah and the Altamaha

rivers. This region was to be held "in trust for the poor," for a period of twenty-one years, by the trustees named in the charter, and was to constitute a home for unfortunate debtors and Protestants from the continent of Europe, who might wish to seek safety there from persecution. The territory thus assigned formed a part of South Carolina, but was formally separated from it and named Georgia in honor of the king. The "free exercise of religion" was secured to all sects "except Papists." No grant of land to any single settler was to exceed five hundred acres, a condition which it was hoped would prevent the rich from securing the best lands, and give to the poor an opportunity to become landowners. It was believed that the climate and soil of the new province were specially adapted to the raising of silk-worms and the cultivation of the vine.

The scheme of Oglethorpe enlisted the sympathies of all classes of the English people. Liberal donations were made in its behalf, and its benevolent projecter exerted himself with energy to secure a colony with which to lay the foundations of the new state. It was determined to take none but the poorest and most helpless, and Oglethorpe himself decided to accompany them, and give his personal care to the planting of the colony. One hundred and fifty persons, comprising thirtyfive families, were embarked, and they sailed from England in No

vember, 1732. They reached Charleston in fifty-seven days, and were formally welcomed by the assembly of South Carolina and presented with a supply of cattle and rice. From Charleston the company sailed to Port Royal, while Oglethorpe hastened to explore the Savannah and select a site for the settlement. He chose a location at Yamacraw Bluff, on the right bank of the river, about twenty miles from its mouth. He purchased the land from the Yamacraw Indians, and the foundations of a town were laid. The place was named Savannah from the river on which it stood. Oglethorpe hastened forward the clearing of the land and the building of houses, but for nearly a year contented himself with a tent which was erected under four wide-spreading pines. "The streets were laid out with the greatest regularity; in each quarter a public square was reserved; the houses were planned and constructed on one model-each a frame of sawed timber, twenty-four feet by sixteen, floored with rough deals, the sides with feather-edged boards, unplaned, and the roof shingled." A garden was laid off by the river-side, to be the nursery of European fruits and other productions.