has been made to convert it into a kind of green-house, by planting its area with shrubs. This new method of gardening is unsuccessful; the plants do not hitherto prosper. To what use it will next be put, I have no pleasure in conjecturing. It is something, that its present state is at least not ostentatiously displayed. Where there is yet shame, there may in time be virtue.

Of the two colleges yet standing, one is, by institution of its founder, appropriated to Divinity. It is said to be capable of containing fifty students; but more than one must occupy a chamber. The library is not very spacious, but light and luminous.

St. Andrew's seems to be a place eminently adapted to study and education, being situated in a populous yet a cheap country, and exposing the minds and manuers of young men neither to the levity and dissoluteness of a capital city, nor to the gross luxury of a town of commerce, places naturally unpropitious to learning; in one the desire of knowledge easily gives way to the love of pleasure, and in the other is in dan ger of yielding to the love of money. The students, however, are represented as at this time not exceeding a hundred. Perhaps it may be some objection to their increase, that there is no episcopal chapel in the place. I saw no reason for imputing the paucity of them to the present professors; nor can the 'expense of an academical education be The chief very reasonably objected. magistrate in the university residing, -answering to our vice-chancellor, and to the rector magnificus on the continent, had commonly the title of Lord Rector; but being addressed only as Mr. Rector in an inauguratory speech by a late chancellor, he has fallen from his former dignity of style. Lordship was very liberally annexed by our ancestors to any station or character of dignity. They said, the "Lord Gene-ral," and "Lord Ambassador;" so we 66 still say, My Lord" to the Judge upon the circuit, and yet retain in -our Liturgy" the Lords of the Council."

In walking among the ruins of religious buildings, we came to two vaults, over which had formerly stood the house of the Sub-prior. One of the vaults was inhabited by an old woman, who claimed the right of abode there, as the widow of a man whose ancestors had possessed the same gloomy mansion

for no less than four generations. The
right, however began, was considered
as established by legal prescription, and
the old woman lives undisturbed. She
thinks, however, she has a claim to
something more than sufferance; for
as her husband's name was Bruce, she
is allied to royalty, and told us that
when there were prsons of quality
in the place, she was distinguished by
some notice; that indeed she is now
neglected, but she spins a thread, has
the company of her cat, and is trouble-
some to nobody.

St. Andrew's has been, for at least
eight hundred years, illustrious as the
seat of a convent of Culdees, as the
ecclesiastical capital of all Scotland,
as possessing some eminent establish-
ments for the academical instruction
of youth. This city was erected into a
royal burgh by David the lid, and its
privileges were extended by Malcolm
the Ild. It consists of one principal
street, on both sides of which appear
the decaying remains of several houses,
once splendid and stately, but now de-
solate; and of smaller streets which
open into this principal one. The uni-
versity was founded in 1411, by Bishop
Wardlaw. The length of the cathedral
from east to west was 370 feet, that
of the transept 322. Archbishop Sharpe
was murdered on Magask Moor by a
set of ruffians, animated by the same
fanatical spirit as the murderers of Car-
dinal Beaton. The church exhibits a
statue of him. This city has some small
trade, and derives some advantage from
inconsiderable manufactures, by which
a few of its inhabitants are supported.
It may contain in all about 4400 inha-
bitants.

Having now seen whatever this an-
cient city offered to our curiosity, we
left it with good wishes, having reason
to be highly pleased with the atten-
But whoever
tion that was paid us.
surveys the world must see many things
that give him pain. The kindness of
the professors did not contribute to
abate the uneasy remembrance of an
university declining, a college alienated,
and a church profaned and hastening to
the ground,

As we knew sorrow and wishes to be
vain, it was now our business to mind
our way; therefore we proceeded over
the Frith of Tay to

ABERBROTHICK,

a tolerable sized town, a sea-port, with
a small but commodious harbour, em-

ploys about thirty-six vessels in the Baltic and country trade. It contains about five thousand inhabitants, and has thriv ing manufactures of linen. The majestic ruins of the abbey, one of the largest in the kingdom, always excites the admiration of the traveller; and still conveys an idea of its ancient magnificence. It was founded in 1178 by William the Ist, surnamed the Lion, King of Scotland, and dedicated to the memory of Thomas à Becket, the celebrated Archbishop of Canterbury. The founder was interred here; but there are now no remains of his tomb. This monastery was one of the richest of the whole island, and its abbots were frequently the first churchmen in the kingdom. Cardinal Beaton, the Wolsey of Scotland, was the last abbot, at the same time that he was Archbishop of St. Andrew's. The monks were of the Tyronesian order, and were first brought

from Kelso, whose abbot declared those of this place, on their first institution, to be free from his jurisdiction. This monastery formerly enjoyed great and uncommon privileges; and a charter is still extant, from King John of England, under the great seal of that kingdom, by which the monastery and citizens of Aberbrothick are exempted, ■ teloniis et consuetudine, in every part of England, except London and Oxford. It has also been of considerable note in the Scottish history, particularly as the

nastery of Aberbrothick, we travelled

on to

MONTROSE,

which we surveyed in the morning, and found it well built, airy, aud clean. The town-house is a handsome fabric, the English chapel, and found a small with a portico. We then went to view church, clean to a degree unknown in any other part of Scotland, with commodious galleries, and, what was yet less expected, an organ. In fact, Montrose is a neat and handsome town, singularly situated on a peninsula formed by the rivers of the South and North Esk and the German Ocean.

Contains about six thousand inhabitants, many of them very genteel. Has

a theatre and assemblies. Some of its public buildings are very respectable in appearance. There are public schools, an hospital, and a public library. The bridge over the South Esk is handsome, This town possesses a considerable mas ritime trade, and has also manufac tures of linens, thread, &c.

(To be continued.)

For the EUROPEAN MAGAZINE, An ESSAY on the ADVANTAGES or Dis ADVANTAGES of MACHINERY in general, as applied to MANUFACTURES; and that of the THRASHING MACHINE particularly in HUSBANDRY.

(Concluded from page 123 ) UT it is time that we should direct

seat of that parliament, during the reign the attention of our readers to

of King Robert Bruce, in which the ceJebrated manifesto was addressed to the Pope, on account of the hardships which Scotland lay under from the anathemas of his Holiness, and the invasions of Edward the Ist; a manifesto almost unequalled for the spirit of its remonstrance, and the liberty of sentiment which it breathed. After the death of Beaton, the abbey felt the destructive fanaticism of the reformers; and its revenues were erected into a temporal lordship, in favour of a Lord J. Hamil ton, son of the Duke de Chatelherault, and Lord Aberbrothick is still one of the titles of the Duke of Hamilton. The ruins of the abbey are strikingly picturesque, consisting of rainous lowers of the most solid construction, columus overthrown and broken in pieces, Gothic windows, cloisters, stair-cases, &c. all exhibiting, as well the ravages of time, as the frenzy of religious zeal. Leaving the fragments of magpificence now remaining of the mo

the second part of this subject; and having made such observations as ap peared necessary with regard to the use of machinery in general, when applied to manufactures, proceed to its more particular application with respect to the Thrashing Machine. And in entering upon the consideration of the advantages which the country at large has derived from the use of this valuable invention, we cannot but stop with pleasure for one moment to congratulate our readers on the advances towards something like scientific emi, nence which agriculture has made within the last twenty years. It would be an unnecessary waste of time ou our part, if we were to dwell on the great and essential importance connected with all improvement in agricultural pursuits but we must not omit this opportunity of expressing our regret, that any thing like the rivalry of jealousy, rather than the emulous exertion of laudable ambie

But it is with pleasure that we turn from this involuntary digression, to the consideration of the great attention that has been paid to agriculture: it has had to boast some of the greatest men in the nation amongst its steady supporters and firm adherents: indeed we may go higher than this, it has had the particular consideration and carnest wishes of our venerable monarch himself, when enjoying the high blessing of his active and intelligent faculties unimpaired; and it is indebted to Mr. Pitt for a foundation having been laid to its later improvements, and conscquent advancement. Capital has been employed in the improvement of the land; all the enterprising talent of commercial activity has lent its aid, all the principles of trade have combined their energies: and the introduction of machinery has produced all that its most sanguine advocates could have anticipated.

And here it will not be necessary for us to retread the ground over which we have already gone, as the general arguments which have been made use of in the earlier part of this essay will apply with equal force here: the great objection to the use of machinery, when employed in our manufactures, we have endeavoured to combat, and it would be unnecessary for us again to repeat what has already been advanced; but we would appeal to facts to support us in our assertion, that the modern system of husbandry, which has so generally been accompanied with machinery, and more particularly the Thrashing Machine, so far from having been the means of employing fewer labourers on any farm where it. has been adopted, has had a directly contrary effect.

In proportion to the end to be at,tained will the means which are made use of be more or less important, according to the magnitude of the result which is to ensue. If our manufactures are to be extended, our national wealth increased, individual comfort promoted, and our wants supplied, whatever is calculated to produce these effects is to be looked upon as demanding a very large proportion of our attention, and, when successful, as deserving our unqualified praise. But when still higher objects are aimed at, our consideration of the methods of accom plishing them will be proportionably more intense, and our approbation more

decided. If, in addition to those valuable results to which we have alluded, our necessities are not only to be sup plied, but those necessities are of the most urgent nature; if they are not merely those sometimes artificial requirements which modern civilization has magnified into actual wants, but such that our very existence depends on their being satisfactorily met; if an innumerable train of consequent advantages follow upon their being complied with; it becomes of the very last importance that we should endeavour to advance so laudable an attempt, and adopt every thing that appeared suitable to such a purpose. And what can be of more consequence to the nation at large than the ready supply of the great staff of life, and what can have a greater claim upon our attention than the means of promoting that supply? We have been indebted to the Thrashing Machine much more than persons in general are ready to sup pose; and its universal adoption would necessarily increase its good effects. This has been the means already of bringing one-tenth more corn into market than would otherwise have been supplied, from its operations not injuring the grain, and securing, and preventing any part of it from being lost. It may be a difficult thing to convince the poor man, by any series of arguments, that his conclusions have been wrong, and his prejudices illfounded but if you tell him that the loaf is rendered cheaper by more than one penny in every shilling, you put it in a light which speaks to his experience, and if you can but make him rely on your veracity, will remove his objections. And if the man of more thinking habits in the higher classes of society is inclined to doubt its beneficial effects, the pointing out to him the fact that this valuable, or rather let me call it invaluable, machine has increased the worth of our consumable corn to no less an amount than four millions of money, by the extra quan tity of this precious article which has been obtained, and the saving of labour which it has occasioned, and you will thus effectually stagger him in his futile opposition.

But it is not unlikely that the objec

See Preston's Address to the Fund

holder, &c. on the Distresses of the Agricultural Portion of Great Britain, 1817,

with those more liberal sentiments which
we have endeavoured to maintain, and
which appear to us as much connected
with an enlightened policy as their just-
ness is supported by an appeal to facts,
we will not take up any more of the
time of our readers by extending our
observations further; but, whilst
sharing, in common with our oppo-
nents, in the nobler and gentler feelings
of humanity which they are too apt to
claim exclusively for themselves, we
would press upon the manufacturer the
imperious call that there is upon him
for the exercise both of judgment and
commiseration, when, by the introduc-
tion of any machines, the number of
hands in any particular department is
lessened; yet, at the same time, would
we bail that man as the benefactor of
his country, who, by his skill and inge-
nuity, has devised such methods as are
calculated to further the interests of
trade, and promote the commercial
welfare of the nation. Far as we have
advanced in our inventions, we have
not yet attained to that maturity to
which we may hope to arrive. The
time may be rapidly advancing, when a
future generation shall look back upon
the acquisitions of the present day as
the infancy of mechanical talent, when
the productions of the loom shall as
much excel those which we now are
apt to consider as having reached the
summit of perfection as these do the
coarse and inelegant garments which
covered the hardy limbs of our an-
cestors, and when the future cop-
trivances of human genius shall render
those which are now the objects of our.
admiration to be considered as trivial
and insignificant discoveries. And shall
we check that progressive advance to-
wards perfection which is daily be
coming more apparent? Let the Turks,
in the true spirit of restrictive tyranny
and narrow-minded oppression, sup-
press the use of printing, because it
might throw some few manuscript
writers out of employ, and thus ex-
tinguish that glorious light of know-
ledge which might have revealed to
the wretched slave the horrors of his
situation; but let Britons act upon
a nobler and more exalted principle.
Let them regard the man who, by the
introduction of a new machine, has
added a vast increase of productive
labour, has converted the many-headed
hydra of a starving population into
the thousand-handed Briareus of un-

tion which we have endeavoured be-
fore to obviate when applied to manu-
"that
factures may be again urged,
the abridgment of labour will starve
the poor, and that thus if we could
afford them bread at one-half its pre-
sent price, and at the same time de-
prive them altogether of the means
of obtaining it, we are holding out
a visionary prospect of their being
benefited, whilst the adoption of our
plans will be the means of their ruin."
And here we must acknowledge that
we feel ourselves standing upon high
ground. We are confident that what
we now venture to advance will be
weighed in the correct scale of actual
experience, and personal knowledge,
and that the superior acquaintance and
more extended information of many
of our readers will bear us out in the
facts which we shall allude to. It is
very far from being true, that the use
of the Thrashing Machine has abridged
manual labour, or rather, we should
be speaking more correctly in saying,
that a less number of hands has been
employed. The fail, it is true, is not
wielded by the nervous arm of the
sturdy labourer, but his wife and his
children have taken his place, whilst
his own exertions are otherwise directed.
There is an opportunity afforded for the
encouragement of the industry of those
whose services would have otherwise
been needless. Those who have ob-
jected to the introduction of this ma-
chine, have, of course, extended their
opposition to the whole system of drill
husbandry, and would endeavour to
prove, that modern improvements, or
innovations as they would call them,
whilst they may have enriched the
wealthy agriculturist, have impove-
rished his unemployed labourers. But
this is altogether incorrect: so far from
its having been a disadvantage to the
poor, they are essentially indebted to
their introduction, and have been mate-
rially benefited by their adoption: in
stead of their labours being confined to
a few particular seasons of the year,
they are extended through a much
longer period. The fertile corn-field
has assumed the appearance of a garden,
from the employment of women and
children in removing obnoxious weeds.
Viewing the subject then upon the
general principles to which we have
referred, and meeting such arguments
as may be advanced against the side
of the question which we have espoused