In going back to school in Wittenberg, Queen. Let not thy mother lose her prayers, Hamlet; an instant, and had therefore a right to recommend. When, in the fourth Act, the rabble wished to choose Laertes king, I understand that antiquity was forgot, and custom violated, by electing a new king in the life-time of the old one, and perhaps also by the calling in a stranger to the royal blood. Blackstone. to school in Wittenberg,] In Shakspeare's time there was an university at Wittenberg, to which he has made Hamlet pro pose to return. The university of Wittenberg was not founded till 1502, consequently did not exist in the time to which this play is referred. Malone. Our author may have derived his knowledge of this famous university from The Life of Iacke Wilton, 1594, or The History of Doctor Faustus, of whom the second report (printed in the same year) is said to be " written by an English gentleman, student at Wittenberg, an University of Germany in Saxony." Ritson. 7- bend you to remain -] i. e. subdue your inclination to go from hence, and remain, &c. Steevens. 8 Sits smiling to my heart:] Thus, the dying Lothario: "That sweet revenge comes smiling to my thoughts." Steevens. Sits smiling to my heart :] Surely it should be: Sits smiling on my heart. Ritson. To my heart, I believe, signifies-near to, close, next to, my heart. Steevens. 9 No jocund health,] The King's intemperance is very strongly impressed; every thing that happens to him gives him occasion to drink. Johnson. 1 the king's rouse - i. e. the king's draught of jollity. See Othello, Act II, sc. iii. Steevens. So, in Marlowe's Tragical Historie of Doctor Faustus: "He tooke his rouse with stoopes of Rhennish wine." Ritson. Re-speaking earthly thunder. Come away. [Exeunt King, Queen, Lords, &c. PoL. and LAER. Ham. O, that this too too solid flesh would melt, Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew !2 Or that the Everlasting had not fix'd His canon 'gainst self-slaughter! O God! O God! Fy on 't! O fy! 'tis an unweeded garden, That grows to seed; things rank, and gross in nature, Hyperion to a satyr:5 so loving to my mother, 2 - resolve itself into a dew!] Resolve means the same as dissolve. Ben Jonson uses the word in his Volpone, and in the same sense: "Forth the resolved corners of his eyes." Again, in The Country Girl, 1647: my swoln grief, resolved in these tears." Pope has employed the same word in his version of the second Iliad, 44: "Resolves to air, and mixes with the night." 3 Or that the Everlasting had not fix'd Steevens. His canon 'gainst self-slaughter!] The generality of the editions read-cannon, as if the poet's thought were,-Or that the Almighty had not planted his artillery, or arms of vengeance, against self-murder. But the word which I restored (and which was espoused by the accurate Mr. Hughes, who gave an edition ́ of this play) is the true reading, i. e. that he had not restrained suicide by his express law and peremptory prohibition. Theobald. There are yet those who suppose the old reading to be the true one, as they say the word fixed seems to decide very strongly in its favour. I would advise such to recollect Virgil's expression: fixit leges pretio, atque refixit." Steevens. If the true reading wanted any support, it might be found in Cymbeline: 66 66 'gainst self-slaughter "There is a prohibition so divine, In Shakspeare's time canon (norma) was commonly spelt cannon. Malone. merely.] is entirely, absolutely. See Vol. II, p. 12, n. 2; and Coriolanus, Act III, sc. i, Vol. XIII. 5 So excellent a king; that was, to this, Steevens. Hyperion to a satyr:] This similitude at first sight seems to That he might not beteem the winds of heaven be a little far-fetched; but it has an exquisite beauty. By the Satyr is meant Pan, as by Hyperion, Apollo. Pan and Apollo were brothers, and the allusion is to the contention between those gods for the preference in musick. Warburton. All our English poets are guilty of the same false quantity, and call Hyperion Hyperion; at least the only instance I have met with to the contrary, is in the old play of Fuimus Troes, 1633: 66 Blow gentle Africus, "Play on our poops, when Hyperion's son Shakspeare, I believe, has no allusion in the present instance, except to the beauty of Apollo, and its immediate opposite, the deformity of a Satyr. Steevens. 6 That he might not beteem the winds of heaven -] In former editions: That he permitted not the winds of heaven This is a sophisticated reading, copied from the players in some of the modern editions, for want of understanding the poet, whose text is corrupt in the old impressions: all of which that I have had the fortune to see, concur in reading: so loving to my mother, That he might not beteene the winds of heaven Beteene is a corruption without doubt, but not so inveterate a one, but that, by the change of a single letter, and the separation of two words mistakenly jumbled together, I am verily persuaded, I have retrieved the poct's reading That he might not let e'en the winds of heaven &c. Theobald. The obsolete and corrupted verb-beteene, (in the first folio) which should be written (as in all the quartos) beteeme, was changed, as above, by Mr. Theobald; and with the aptitude of his conjecture succeeding criticks appear to have been satisfied. Beteeme, however, occurs in the tenth Book of Arthur Golding's version of Ovid's Metamorphoses, 4to. 1587; and, from the corresponding Latin, must necessarily signify, to vouchsafe, deign, permit, or suffer: Yet could he not beteeme "The shape of anie other bird than egle for to seeme." Sign. R. 1. b. nulla tamen alite verti "Dignatur, nisi quæ possit sua fulmina ferre." V. 157. Jupiter (though anxious for the possession of Ganymede) would not deign to assume a meaner form, or suffer change into an humbler shape, than that of the august and vigorous fowl who bears the thunder in his pounces. As if increase of appetite had grown By what it fed on: And yet, within a month, Let me not think on 't;-Frailty, thy name is woman!— But break, my heart; for I must hold my tongue! Ham. I am glad to see you well: Horatio, or I do forget myself. Hor. The same, my lord, and your poor servant ever. Ham. Sir, my good friend; I'll change that names with you. The existence and signification of the verb beteem being thus established, it follows, that the attention of Hamlet's father to his queen was exactly such as is described in the Enterlude of the Life and Repentaunce of Marie Magdalaine, &c. by Lewis Wager, 4to. 1567: "But evermore they were unto me very tender, "They would not suffer the wynde on me to blowe." I have therefore replaced the ancient reading, without the slightest hesitation, in the text. This note was inserted by me in The Gentleman's Magazine, some years before Mr. Malone's edition of our author (in which the same justification of the old reading-beteeme, occurs,) had made its appearance. Steevens. 7 Like Niobe, all tears;] Shakspeare might have caught this idea from an ancient ballad entitled The falling out of Lovers is the renewing of Love: "Now I, like weeping Niobe, "May wash my handes in teares," &c. Of this ballad Amantium iræ &c. is the burden. 'Steevens. 8 I'll change that name ] I'll be your servant, you shall be my friend. Johnson. And what make you from Wittenberg, Horatio?— Mar. My good lord, Ham. I am very glad to see you; good even, sir.1 Ham. I would not hear your enemy say so; We'll teach you to drink deep, ere you depart. Hor. Indeed, my lord, it follow'd hard upon. Ham. Thrift, thrift, Horatio! the funeral bak'd meats 9 what make you] A familiar phrase for what are you doing. Johnson. See Vol. V, p. 9, n. 4. Steevens. 1 good even, sir.] So the copies. Sir Thomas Hanmer and Dr. Warburton put it-good morning. The alteration is of no importance, but all licence is dangerous. There is no need of any change. Between the first and eighth scene of this Act it is apparent, that a natural day must pass, and how much of it is already over, there is nothing that can determine. The King has held a council. It may now as well be evening as morning. Johnson. The change made by Sir T. Hanmer might be justified by what Marcellus said of Hamlet at the conclusion of sc. i: 2 66 - and I this morning know Steevens. the funeral bak'd meats] It was anciently the general custom to give a cold entertainment to mourners at a funeral. In distant counties this practice is continued among the yeomanry. See The Tragique Historie of the Faire Valeria of London, 1598: "His corpes was with funeral pompe conveyed to the church, and there sollemnly enterred, nothing omitted which necessitie or custom could claime; a sermon, a banquet, and like observations." Again, in the old romance of Syr Degore, bl. 1. no date: "A great feaste would he holde Collins. "Upon his quenes mornynge day, "That was buryed in an abbay." See also, Hayward's Life and Raigne of King Henrie the Fourth, 4to. 1599, p. 135: "Then hee [King Richard II] was conveyed to Langley Abby in Buckinghamshire,-and there obscurely in |